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University  of  California  •  Berkeley 

The  Theodore  P.  Hill  Collection 

of 
Early  American  Mathematics  Books 


THE 


FRANKLIN 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC 


EDWIN   P.  SEAVER,  A.M. 

SUPERINTENDENT    OF    PUBLIC    SCHOOLS,   BOSTON 


GEORGE   A.  WALTON,  A.M. 

AUTHOR   OF    WALTON'S    ARITHMETICS.   ARITHMETICAL   TABLES,    ETC. 


TAINTOR     BROTHERS     &     CO. 

NEW    YORK  AND   CHICAGO 

BOSTON:     WILLIAM     WARE     &     CO. 


COPTRIGHT 

By  E.  P.  SEAVEK  and  G.  A.  WALTON. 
1879, 


ELECTROTYPED   AND   PR.NTED    AT  THE   UNIVERSITY    PRESS, 
CAMBRIDGE. 


PREFACE. 


The  Franklin  Primary  Arithmetic  is  intended  to  be  an 
aid  in  teaching  numbers  by  the  objective  or  intuitive  method. 
As  it  is  from  objects  that  the  child  gets  his  first  notions  of 
numbers,  so  it  is  by  the  use  of  objects  that  the  teacher  will 
best  succeed  in  imparting  clear  and  lasting  knowledge  of  num- 
bers. Throughout  this  book,  therefore,  numbers  are  treated  as 
numbers  of  things  ;  and  the  things  are  supposed  to  be  either 
actually,  or  in  imagination,  present  before  the  pupil.  To  aid 
in  this  appeal  to  the  senses  a  very  liberal  use  has  been  made 
of  pictures  and  other  illustrations  :  these  will,  to  some  extent, 
take  the  place  of  tangible  objects  ;  while  taken  in  connection 
with  the  text  they  serve  a  no  less  important  purpose  in 
awakening  and  training  the  imagination,  or  in  aiding  the 
memory  to  retain  observed  facts. 

Another  feature  of  the  book  is  the  work  for  the  slate  given 
in  connection  with  all  the  oral  exercises,  by  which  children 
may  early  learn  to  express  in  figures  their  mental  operations. 
Thus  mental  and  written  arithmetic  are,  as  indeed  they  ought 
to  be,  learned  at  the  same  time.  Constant  use  of  the  pencil, 
even  in  the  case  of  very  young  pupils,  not  only  greatly  aids 
the  memory  in  retaining  results,  but  gives  useful  practice  in 
the  art  of  ciphering. 

The  method  of  the  book  turns  mainly  on  the  fact  that 
among  all  the  countless  combinations  of  numbers  dealt  with  in 
arithmetic  there  are  a  few  elementary  combinations  which, 
when  once  they  are  thoroughly  learned,  give  the  key  to  all  the 


IV  PREFACE. 

rest.  High  importance,  therefore,  is  attached  to  these  elemen- 
tary combinations.  By  giving  chief  attention  to  them,  not 
only  will  time  be  saved,  but  there  will  result  a  knowledge  of 
numbers  more  rational  and  more  useful  than  would  be  gained 
by  studying  a  much  larger  number  of  combinations  under  the 
separate  heads  of  Addition,  Subtraction,  Multiplication,  and 
Division.  To  secure  thorough  training,  then,  in  the  elemen- 
tary combinations  is  the  prime  object  of  this  book,  and  the 
lessons  have  been  arranged  accordingly.  The  earlier  lessons 
treat  of  all  combinations  that  produce  small  numbers  not 
exceeding  ten  ;  next  come  combinations  that  produce  numbers 
from  ten  to  twenty  ;  and  finally  applications  of  these  elemen- 
tary combinations  to  numbers  not  exceeding  one  hundred. 
Every  new  number  is  studied  with  reference  to  the  combina- 
tions that  produce  it.  Sometimes  a  whole  lesson  or  even  two 
lessons  are  taken  up  with  the  combinations  that  produce  a 
single  number.  The  number  is  separated  into  parts,  and  the 
parts  again  united ;  the  whole  is  compared  with  each  of  its 
parts,  and  each  part  with  the  whole,  to  find  either  a  remainder 
or  the  excess  of  one  number  over  another.  Products,  divisors, 
and  quotients  are  found  by  the  further  study  of  numbers 
that  are  made  up  of  equal  parts.  Thus  all  the  language  and 
all  the  operations  of  elementary  arithmetic  are  brought  into 
play  while  the  child  is  dealing  with  small  numbers,  and  he 
gets  constantly  renewed  practice  in  them  as  he  goes  on  with 
larger  numbers. 

The  method  of  teaching  arithmetic  implied  in  this  book  is 
believed  to  be  a  sound  and  fruitful  one.  It  is  not  a  new 
method  ;  it  has  stood  the  test  of  long  use  ;  but  the  fresh  treat- 
ment and  illustration  it  has  here  received  may,  neverthless,  be 
of  service  to  those  who  wish  to  see  less  rational  methods  dis- 
used. 

E.  P.  S. 

G.  A.  W. 
Boston,  May,  1879. 


TABLE  OF   CONTENTS. 


Pages 

Numbers  from  One  to  Ten  7-27 

Numbers  from  Ten  to  Twenty 28-51 

Numbers  from  Twenty  to  One  Hundred 52-96 

Slate  Exercises 

In  Adding  and  Subtracting  with  Use  of  Signs    26-49 

In  Adding  with  Single  Columns 15-49,  83-85 

Adding  and  Subtracting  at  Sight, 

With  Decimal  Applications  55-76 

Multiplying  to  Ten  Tens, 

With  Slate  Exercises  in  Forming  Tables 55-76 

Dividing,  with  Slate  Exercises 78-91 

Fractions,  illustrated  to  Eighths    92-94 


Measuring  Distances 62 

Measuring  Liquids  63 

Measuring  Dry  Things  ....  72 


About  Money 77 

About  Weighing  95 

About  Time 96 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  I. 

Hold  up  your  right  hand. 
Hold  up  your  left  hand. 
One  hand  and  one  hand  are 
two  hands. 

How  many  hands  have  you? 
The  little  boy  in  the  picture 
has  one  orange  in  his  right  hand 
and  one  orange  in  his  left  hand. 
How  many  oranges  has  he  ? 

Hold  up  one  finger.     Hold  up 
two  fingers. 
Point  to  one  chair.     Point  to  two  books. 
Take  two  steps  forward.    Take  one  step  backward.    Clap 
your  hands  once.     Clap  your  hands  twice. 

Make  one  dot  on  your  slate.     Make  another  dot.         •  • 

How  many  dots  have  you  made? 

How  many  ones  are  there  in  two  ? 

Eub  out  one  dot ;  how  many  dots  ai;e  left  ? 

Here  is  the  figure  that  stands  for  one 


Here  is  the  figure  that  stands  for  two. 


Try  to  make  these  figures  on  your  slate h\2 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  II. 


Do  you  see  the  mother  bird  in 
the  picture  ?     How  many  little 
birds  do  you  see  in  the  picture  ? 
Two  birds  and  one  bird  are  three  birds.     How  many 
birds  are  there  in  all  ? 

If  the  mother  bird  flies  away,  how  many  birds  will  be  left  ? 

One  bird  from  three  birds  leaves  how  many  birds  ? 

Put  down  two  blocks.  Now  put  down  enough  more 
to  make  three  blocks.  How  many  more  did  you  put 
down  ?  □  □       □ 

How  many  ones  are  there  in  three  ? 

You  may  take  up  two  of  the  blocks  and  tell  me  how 
many  are  left. 

Take  up  one  more  and  then  tell  me  how  many  are  left. 

Hold  up  two  fingers  on  your  left  hand 
and  three  fingers  on  your  right  hand. 

How  many  more  do  you  hold  up  on  your     Yf%jt 
right  hand  than  on  your  left  ?  A 

How  many  more  are  three  fingers  than 
two  fingers  ? 

Make  three  dots  on  your  slate.  •  • 

Here  is  the  figure  that  stands  for  three cf. 

Make  the  figures  /,  S,  <3  on  your  slate. 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  III. 


Yesterday  Fanny  found  a  hen's 
nest  and  left  one  egg  in  it.  To-day 
she  found  there  were  two  more  eggs 
in  the  nest.  How  many  eggs  were 
in  the  nest  to-day  ? 

One  egg  and  two  more  eggs  are 
how  many  ? 
If  Fanny  should  take  two  of  the  eggs  from  the  nest, 
how  many  would  be  left  ? 

Two  eggs  from  three  eggs  leave  how  many  eggs  ? 
If  Fanny  should  take  three  eggs  from  the  nest,  how  many 
would  be  left  ? 

Make  a  straight  line  on  your  slate.     

Point  to  the  ends  of  the  line.     How  many  ends  has  it  ? 
Clap  your  hands  twice.      Now  clap  them  once  more. 
How  many  times  have  you  clapped  them  ? 

Shut  your  hand.  Open  one  finger ;  open  another  finger. 
How  many  are  open  ?     How  many  are  shut  ? 

I  will  put  one  pin  on  the  table,  and  you  may  put 
enough  more  with  it  to  make  three.  How  many  do  you 
put  with  it? 

Take  two  steps  forward  and  one  step  backward.  How 
many  steps  have  you  taken  in  all  ? 

How  far  ahead  w7ill  you  be  if  you  take  three  steps  for- 
ward and  then  take  two  steps  backward  ?     Try  and  see. 

Fanny's  glove  had  three  buttons,  but  she  lost  one  of 
them  off.     How  many  were  left  ? 

Belle  spent  one  cent  for  some  buttons  and  one  cent  for  a 
needle.     How  many  cents  did  she  spend  ? 

After  Belle  had  spent  two  cents,  she  had  one  cent  left  in 
her  pocket.    How  many  cents  had  she  before  she  spent  any  ? 


10 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  IV. 

What  has  the  dog  upon 
his  head? 

How  polite  he  is  ! 
See  him  give  his  paw. 
How  many  boys  are  there 
in  front  of  the  dog  ?     How 
many  behind  him  ? 

Three  and  one  are  four. 
How  many  boys  are  there 
in  the  picture  ? 

How  many  paws  does  the 
dog  hold  up  ?     How  many  paws  has  he  on  the  ground  ? 
Two  paws  and  two  paws  are  how  many  paws  ? 
How  many  hats  do  you  see  in  the  picture  ? 
If  the  dog  should  go  off  with  the  hat  he  has  on,  how 
many  hats  would  be  left? 

One  from  four  leaves  how  many  ? 

How  many  arms  have  you  ?  How  many  has  your 
teacher  ?  How  many  have  you  and  your  teacher  together  ? 
Two  twos  are  how  many  ? 
Hold  up  one  finger  on  your  right  hand. 
Hold  up  enough  fingers  on  your  left  hand 
to  make  four  fingers  in  all. 

How  many  more  did  you  hold  up  ? 

One  and  how  many  more  make  four  ? 

How  many  nails  are  there  on  four  fingers  ? 

Name  the  numbers  from  one  to  four ;  from  four  to  one. 

Make  four  dots  on  your  slate.  •  •  •  • 

Here  is  the  figure  that  stands  for  four ^. 

Make  the  figures  /,  2,  3,  4  upon  your  slate. 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC.  XX 

Lesson  V. 

How  many  eyes  have  you  ? 

Name  all  the  parts  of  your  face  that  you  have  two  of. 
Name  all  the  parts  of  your  face  that  you  have  one  of. 
How  many  joints  have  you  in  your  thumb  ? 
How  many  joints  have  you  in  your  little  finger  ? 
Nod  your  head  once.     Nod  it  once  more ;  once  more. 
How  many  times  have  you  nodded  it  ? 
Put  down  four  blocks.  D  □  Q  □ 

How  many  ones  are  there  in  four  ? 
Take  away  one  of  the  blocks.     How  many  are  left  ? 
What  number  is  one  less  than  four  ? 
Take  two  steps  forward.     Take  two  more.     How  many 
steps  have  you  taken  ?     Two  and  two  are  how  many  ? 

Here  is  a  triangle   /   \     and  here  is  a  square  ^ 

How  many  more  sides  has  the  square  than  the  triangle  ? 
How  many   little  dogs  are 
there  in  this  picture  ? 

If  two  of  these  dogs  are 
given  away,  how  many  will  be 
left?  Two  from  four  leaves 
how  many? 

How  many  twos  are  there  in  four  ? 
Name  some  animals  that  have  four  legs. 
Name  some  other  things  that  have  four  legs. 
Name  some  animals  that  have  less  than  four  le^s. 

How  many  legs  has  a  dog  ?     How  many  has 
a  hen  ? 

Can  you  draw  a  picture  of  a  hen  ?     Try. 
How  many  toes  has  this  hen  on  one  of  her 
feet? 
How  many  point  forward  ?    How  many  point  backward  ? 


a  □   a  a 


12 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 

Lesson  VI. 


Eein  in  your  horses,  little  one.    Don't  let  them  go  too  fast. 

Point  to  the  driver  of  the  team. 

How  many  children  is  she  driving  ? 

Four  and  one  are  five. 

How  many  children  are  there  in  all  ? 

How  many  boys  are  there  ?     How  many  girls  are  there  ? 

Three  and  two  are  how  many  ?     Two  and  three  ? 

If  one   of  the   children  goes 
away,  how  many  will  be  left  ? 
One  from  five  leaves  how  many  ? 
A   man    had    two    colts,   and 
bought  enough  more  to  make  five. 
How  many  colts  did  he  buy  ? 
Two  and  how  many  are  five  ? 
Three  and  how  many  are  five  ? 
Charley  had  five  roses  and  gave  four  away.     How  many 
had  he  left  ?    Four  from  five  leaves  how  many  ? 
Make  five  dots  on  your  slate.  •  •  •  •  • 

Here  is  the  figure  that  stands  for  five <&. 

Make  the  figures  /,  S,  3,  4,  £  upon  your  slate. 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


13 


Lesson  VII. 

Susan  and  Charles  are  go- 
ing to  divide  these  four  pears 
between  them. 

If   Susan    takes   one   and 
Charles  takes  one,  and  then 
Susan    takes     another     and 
Charles    another,    each   will 
have  half  of  the  pears.    How 
many  pears  will  each  have  ? 
What  is  half  of  four  pears  ? 
What  is  half  of  four  grapes  ? 
Take  four  blocks  in  your  hand.     Put  down  half  of  them. 
Put  down  half  of  what  you  have  left  in  your  hand.    What 
is  half  of  two  ?     What  is  half  of  four  ? 

Put  down  five  beans.  Take  two  of  them  away ;  take 
away  another  two.  How  many  twos  have  you  taken  ? 
What  is  there  left  ? 

If  Annie  sets  the  table  for  her  father  and  mother,  her 
two  brothers  and  herself,  how  many  will  she  set  the  table 
for  ?     Two  and  two  and  one  are  how  many  ? 

Make  five  marks  on  your  slate  by  twos,  thus : 
How  many  twos  are  there  in  five,  and  what 
remains  ? 

How  many  more  are  five  than  four  ?  than  one  ? 


Make  five  marks  on  your  slate  by  threes,  thus : 
How  many  threes  are  there  in  five,  and  what 
remains  ? 

Make  five  marks  on  your  slate  by  fours,  thus : 
How  many  fours  are  there  in  five,  and  what 
remains  ? 


n 


14 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  VIII. 


Here  is  another  team.     This  is  a  hard  team  to  drive. 

One  of  the  leaders  seems  rather  restive.  All  the  othei 
horses  are  quite  steady.     How  many  are  steady  ? 

Five  horses  and  one  horse  are  six  horses.  How  many 
horses  does  Frank  play  he  is  driving  ?  How  many  would 
be  left  if  Frank  should  take  off  the  restive  leader  ? 

One  from  six  leaves  how  many  ? 

How  many  would  be  left  if  Frank  should  take  off  the 
two  leaders  ? 

Two  from  six  leaves  how  many  ? 

Put  down  three  blocks.    Put  down  another  three.  Q  Q  □ 

How  many  threes  have  you  put  down  ? 

Three  and  three,  or  two  threes,  are  how  many  ? 

Take  four  of  these  six  blocks  away  and  tell  how  many 
are  left. 

Four  from  six  leaves  how  many  ? 

Make  six  dots  on  your  slate.  •••••• 

Here  is  the  figure  that  stands  for  six O . 

Make  the  figures  f,  2,  3,  4,   5,   &  on  your  slate. 


Q  □  a 


PRIMA  RY  ARI  Til  ME  TIC. 


15 


Lesson  IX. 

How  many  kittens  can 
you  see  on  the  floor  in  the 
picture  ? 

How  many  other  kittens 
can  you  see  ? 

How  many  can  you  see 
in  all  ? 

How  many  more  are  six 
kittens  than  three  kittens  ? 
How    many    kitteus    are 
playing  together  at  the  chair  ? 
How  many  are  on  the  table  ? 
How  many  others  are  there  in  the  picture  ? 

Two  and  two  and  two,  or  three  twos,  are  how  many  ? 
How  many  kitteus  are  there  besides  the  one  on  the  chair  ? 
One  and  how  many  more  make  six  ? 
If  the  two  kittens  on  the  table  are  given  to  Mary,  and 
Eva  takes  one  of  those  on  the  floor,  how  many  will  be  left  ? 

a.         b.         c.        d.        e.         f. 


g.        n.        i. 


&  '3  How  many  dots  are  there  in  the  upper  part 
^  '  /  of  block  a  ?  Make  the  figure  that  stands  for 
g      4     two  as  it  is  made  under  block  a. 

How  many  dots  are  there  in  the  lower 
part  of  block  a  ?     Make  the  figure  1  under  the  2. 

Now  draw  a  line  under  the  figures  you  have  made.  What 
is  the  whole  number  of  dots  on  the  block  ?  Make  the 
figure  that  stands  for  this  number  under  the  line. 

In  the  same  way  find  the  number  of  dots  in  block  b; 
in  block  c ;  and  so  on.     We  call  this  adding. 


16 


PRIMA RY  A RITHMETIC. 

Lesson  X. 


Can  you  tell  me,  at  sight,  how  many  sticks  there  are  on 
the  table  in  the  picture  ?  If  you  cannot,  I  will  tell  you 
how  to  find  out. 

Take  one  stick  and  say  "  one  " ;  take  another  with  that 
one  and  say  "  two  " ;  take  another  with  these  two  and  say 
"  three  " ;  and  so  on.     This  is  counting  by  ones. 

You  can  count  by  twos,  thus :  Take  two  sticks  and  say 
"  two  " ;  take  another  two  with  the  first  two  and  say  "  four  "; 
and  so  on.     Now  count  the  sticks  by  ones ;  by  twos. 

I  hope  your  teacher  has  some  objects  for  you  to  count. 

How  many  cards  do  you  see  in  the  picture  ? 

The  pupils  in  the  class  take  the  cards  and  tell  how  many 
letters  there  are  in  the  words  on  the  cards.     Hear  them. 


Robert.    Ox  :  two  letters. 


Eva.    Hand :   four  letters. 


Now  you  may  point  to  the  words  and  tell  how  many  let- 
ters each  word  has.  Write  these  words  and  figures  on  your 
slate  as  George  has  -written  them  on  the  blackboard. 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


17 


—  '!■::;{;;::.::;::. 


~'S     l-^f '  ^p^^M^mi 


Lesson  XI. 

Why  need  you 
bristle  up  so,  you 
fat  old  hen  ? 

"Need?  Need 
enough.  See,  the  cru- 
el hawk  has  caught 
one  of  my  dear  little 
chickens." 

How  many  chick- 

What  has  the  hawk  iD  his  claws  ? 

How  many  chickens  do  you  see 


mm 


ens  are  on  the  ground  ? 

Six  and  one  are  seven 
in  the  picture  ? 

How  many  little  chickens  are  running  towards  the  hen  ? 
How  many  more  do  you 
see  ?     Two  and  what  are 
seven?     Five  and  what 
are  seven  ? 

How  many  chickens  do 
you  see  in  this  picture  ? 

Four  and  what  are 
seven?  Three  and  four 
are  how  many  ? 

Make  seven  marks  on  your  slate  by  twos ;  by  threes ;  by 

fours  ;    by  fives  ;  by 

Illl      Hill      llllll        sixes.      How    many 

twos  are  there  in  sev- 

|  en  and  what  remains? 

How  many  threes  are  there  in  seven  and  what 

remains  ?     How  many  fours  ?   fives  ?   sixes  ? 

Two  and  two  and  what  are  seven  ?    Three  and  what  are 

seven  ?     Three  and  three  and  what  are  seven  ? 


18 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 

Lesson  XII. 


Here  is  the  teacher  again  teaching  numbers.  You  may 
join  her  class  and  do  what  she  asks  her  class  to  do. 

Teacher.  Point  to  the  block  that  has  one  dot.  Point  to 
the  block  that  has  two  dots.  What  is  put  with  one  dot  to 
make  two  dots  ? 

Point  to  the  blocks  that  have  three  dots.  What  is  put 
with  two  dots  to  make  three  dots  ?  What  is  put  with  one 
dot  to  make  three  dots  ? 

Now  hear  what  else  the  teacher  says  to  the  children. 
Teacher.     You  may  tell  each  pair  of  numbers  that  make 
three,  Mary. 

Mary.    Two  and  one  make  three ;  one  and  two  make  three. 

Now  you  may  point  to  the  blocks  and  tell  each  pair  of 
numbers  that  make  three ;  that  make  four ;  five  ;  six. 
Write  on  your  slate  what  you  have  just  said,  thus  : 

£  cwc&  /  mane  3. 


3  a??c/  /  mane  //. 


/  and  &  -mane  4  ; 

■  )  on. 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


19 


m 


w 

The  branch  has  seven 
acorns  and  a  leaf. 


Lesson  XIII. 

You  may  read  the  sentence  on  the  blackboard. 
How  many  letters  are  there  in  the  word  The  ? 
branch?    has?    seven? 
acorns?  and?  a?  leaf? 

How  many  acorns  are 
there     on     the     branch  ? 
Three    acorns   and   three 
acorns  and  one  acorn  are 
how  many  ? 

If  one  acorn  should  be  taken  from  the  branch,  how  many 
would  be  left  ? 

One  from  seven  will  leave  how  many  ?  six  from  seven  ? 
Name  the  days  of  the  week.    How  many  are  there  ? 

What  two  equal  numbers  make  six  ?       ^-^^         , .. 

-    What  is  half  of  six  ?  Q  Q  Q       Q  □  □ 

1  will  name  a  number,  and  you  may  tell  what  number 
put  with  it  will  make  seven :  Six ;  five ;  four ;  three ; 
two ;  one ;  four ;  two  ;  six. 

Now  you  may  name  each  pair  of  numbers  that  make 
seven,  beginning  with  "  six  and  one." 

Here  is  the  figure  that  stands  for  seven ^ . 

Make  the  figures  /,  2,  3,  4,  5,  fi,  J  on  your  slate. 

Slate  Exercise  in  Adding. 


a. 

b. 

c. 

d. 

e. 

/• 

9- 

h. 

i. 

J- 

'•. 

v 

v 

... 

1-7 

X 

: : 

'•. 

• 

"\ 

Write  on  your  slate  the  number  of  dots  in 
^     each  part  of  every  block,  and  then  write  beneath 
£     the  whole  number  of  dots  on  the  block,  as  you 
were  told  to  do  on  the  page  where  the  six  kittens  are. 


20 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XIV. 


.Ol 


^aT-^ 


fe&* 


What  are  these 
sleek-looking 
animals  ? 

How  many  are 
without  horns  ? 
How  many  have 
horns  ? 

Seven  and  one 
are  eight.  How 
many  deer  are 
in  the  park  ? 

How  many  are 
drinking  ?     Be- 
sides these  two  deer,  how  many  are  there  in  the  park  ? 

Twto  and  how  many  more  are  eight  ?     How  many  deer 
are  feeding  ?   How  many  are  not  ? 
Three  and  five  are  how  many  ? 
How  many  feet  has  one  horse  ? 
How  many  feet  have  two  horses  ? 

Four  and  four  are  how  many  ?    Two  fours  are  how  many? 


mlm 


Make  eight  marks  on  your  slate  by  twos ;  by  threes ;  by 

fours ;  by  fives  ;  by  sixes ; 
|  |  |  |  (ana  so  on.)    by  sevens> 

How  many  twos  are  there 

in  eight  ?  How  many  threes, 

and  what  remains  ?   How  many  fours  ?    Five 

and  how  many  more  are  eight  ?    Six  and  how 

many  ?     Three  and  two  and  how  many  are  eight  ? 

Here  is  the  figure  that  stands  for  eight O  . 

Make  the  figures  /,  2,  3,  4,  &,  6  7>  $  on  your  slate. 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


21 


Looking  only  at  the  right- 
hand  part  of  the  frame,  tell 
me  how  many  beads  are  on 
the  upper  wire. 

How  many  more  are  there 
on  the  second  wire  than  on 
the  first?  How  many  are 
there  on  the  third  wire  ?  How 
many  are  there  on  both  the 
second  and  third  wires  ? 

How  many  are  there  on  the 
'fourth  wire  ? 

Of  what  two  equal  numbers  is  six  made  up  ?  •  •  • 
Of  what  three  equal  numbers  is  six  made  up  ?  •  •  • 
How  many  threes  make  six  ?  How  many  twos  ? 
How  many  of  the  teacher's  fingers  do  you  see  in  the 
picture?  How  many  fingers  and  thumbs?  How  many 
more  fingers  than  thumbs  ? 

What  two  equal  numbers  make 


□□□□      □□□□ . 


eight  ?     What  is  half  of  eight  ?         Q  □   □  □ 


□  D   a  □ 


What  four  equal  numbers  make  eight  ? 

I  will  name  one  part  of  eight,  and  you  may  name  the 
other  :  Seven  ;  six ;  five ;  four ;  three ;  two ;  one ;  five  ; 
two ;  seven ;  three ;  six  ;  four. 

Now  you  may  name  each  pair  of  numbers  that  make 
eight,  beginning  with  "  seven  and  one." 

Slate  Exercise  in  Adding. 


a. 

h. 

c. 

a. 

e. 

/■ 

9> 

h. 

i. 

J- 

::: 

• 

;•; 

' 

•  • 

. 

'. 

•  : 

Write  on  your  slate  the  number  of  dots  in  each  part  of  a 
block,  and  then  write  the  whole  number  beneath. 


22 


TRIMAllY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XV. 

^Su^w  I  think  these  soldiers 

must  belong  to  the  cold 
water  army. 

What   a   brave   leader 
they  have ! 

How  many  besides  the 
leader  do  you  see  ? 

Eight  and  one  are  nine. 
How  many  are  there  in 
the  whole  company  ? 
How  many  have  flags  ?     How  many  have  no  flags  ? 
Two  from  nine  leaves  how  many  ?  seven  from  nine  ? 
If  all  who  have  no  caps  should  go  home  to  get  some,  how 
many  would  be  left  ?     Three  from  nine  are  how  many  ? 

How  many  of  the  caps  have  feathers  in  them  ?  How 
many  more  must  there  be  with  feathers  to  make  nine  ?  Four 
and  how  many  more  are  nine  ? 

These  boys  sometimes  play  with 
bows  and  arrows.  How  many  ar- 
rows are  there  in  each  bunch  ? 
Three  and  three  and  three  are  how 
9  How  many  threes  in  nine  ? 


many 

Make  nine  marks  on  your  slate  by  twos ;  by  threes  ;  by 
fours;  fives;  sixes;  sevens;  eights. 
How  many  twos  are  there  in 
nine,  and  what  remains?     How 

I         Ml         |  many  threes  ?  fours  ?  fives  ?   Nine 

are  how  many  more  than  six  ?  than 
seven  ?  than  eight  ? 

Here  is  the  figure  that  stands  for  nine y  . 

Make  the  figures  /,  2,  3,  4,  £,  &,  7>  <?>  £  °n  your  slate. 


(and  so 
on.) 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


23 


Look  at  tnese  figures 
on  the  blackboard. 

How  many  l's  are 
there  ?  How  many  2's  ? 
Walter  made  the  l's 
and  4's.  How  many  fig- 
ures did  he  make  ? 
Harry  made  the  2's  and 
Frank  made  the  3's.  How  many  more  figures  did  Frank 
make  than  Harry  ? 

If  three  of  the  5's  should  be  rubbed  out,  how  many  would 
be  left  ?     How  many  6's  are  there  ? 

How  many  more  5's  must  we  make  to  have  nine  5's  ? 
How  many  more  4's  must  we  make  to  have  nine  4's  ? 
How  many  more  3's  must  we  make  to  have  nine  3's  ? 
How  many  more  2's  must  we  make  to  have  nine  2's? 
How  many  more  l's  to  have  nine  l's  ? 

John  had  nine  marbles,  and  gave  three  of  them  to  Charles 
and  three  to  Ealph.     How  many  had  he  left  ? 

Charles  has  five  cents.  How  many  more  must  he  get  to 
have  seven  cents  ?  If  he  has  five  cents,  how  many  more 
must  he  get  to  have  nine  cents  ? 

I  will  name  one  part  of  nine  and  you  may  name  the 
other  :    One ;   five ;    four ;   six ;   three ;   seven ;   six  ;    two. 
Now  you  may  name  each  pair  of  numbers  that  make 
nine,  beginning  with  "  eight  and  one." 

Slate  Exercise  in  Adding. 

h.         i.        j. 


a. 

b. 

c. 

d. 

e. 

/• 

</■ 

"\ 

\ 

'  .* 

■\ 

•  • 

•  • 

•• 

.». 

:  : 

.♦. 

:*: 

Write  on  your  slate  the  number  of  dots  in  each  part  of 
a  block,  and  then  write  the  whole  number  beneath. 


24 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XVI. 

Ah,  mother  goose  !  you  can't  frighten  any 
body  by  that  hiss  :  it  won't  hurt.    You  were 
sly,  but  Charlie  has  found  you  out.      See, 
what  has  he  in  his  hand  ?     An  ew  ? 
_  _    How  many  eggs  are  there  in  the  nest  ? 
Nine  and  one  are  ten.     How  many 
eggs  are  there  in  all  ? 

Don't  move  the  eggs, 
Charlie  !     Let  the  goose 
go  on  them  and  sit. 
If  all  but  two  eggs  hatch,  how  many  goslings  will  there  be  ? 
How    many    goslings    are 
there  in  the  water  ?      How 
many  on  the  bank  ?      How 
many  are  there  in  all  ? 

Seven  and  three  are  how 
many  ?  three  and  seven  ? 

If  four  of  these  goslings 
should  be  killed  by  a  weasel,  how  many  would  be  left  ? 

How  many  goslings  would  be  left  if  six  should  be  killed  ? 
Four  from  ten  leaves  how  many  ?     Six  from  ten  ? 
Count  from  one  to  ten.     Count  from  ten  to  one. 


Make  ten  marks  on  your  slate  by  twos ;  by  threes ;  by 

fours ;  fives ;  sixes ;  sevens  ; 

(and  so  on.)         .    ,  , 

eights  ;  nines. 
•  I  M  How  many  twos  are  there  in 

ten  ?  How  many  threes  ?  fours  ? 
fives  ?  How  many  must  you  take  away 
from  ten  to  leave  six?  seven?  eight?  nine? 

Here  are  the  figures  that  stand  for  ten /  0 . 

Make  the  figures  /,  2, 3,  4,  £,  fc  7,8,0, 10  on  your  slato. 


Ill 
III 
III 
I 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


25 


How  many  lilies  are 
there  on  the  table  ?  How 
many  in  the  vase  ?  How 
many  in  all  ? 

How  many  blocks  are 
there  on  the  table  ? 

There  were  ten  blocks  on 
the  table,  but  the  teacher 
has  taken  two  blocks  away, 
and  so  made  the  row  less 
by  two.  Ten  less  two  are 
how  many  ? 

If  the  teacher  should  take   up  two  more  blocks,  how 
many  blocks  would  she  have  in  her  hand  then  ? 

There  would  then  be  on  the  table  ten  blocks  less  four. 
Ten  less  four  are  how  many  ?  ten  less  five  ?  ten  less  six  ? 
Ten  is  made  up  of  what  two  equal  numbers  ?  •  •  •  •  • 
Ten  is  made  up  of  what  five  equal  numbers  ?  •  •  •  •  • 
Richard  has  ten  lilies.  If  he  gives  half  of  them  to  Jane, 
how  many  will  he  have  left  ? 

To  how  many  children  could  Richard  give  two  lilies 
apiece  if  he  had  ten  lilies  ? 

I  will  name  one  part  of  ten,  and  you  may  name  the 
other:     One;  six;  three;  five;  eight;  four;  seven;  nine. 
Now  you  may  name  each  pair  of  numbers  that  make  ten, 
beginning  with  "  nine  and  one." 


a. 

h. 

SI 

c. 

at 

e  I 
d. 

3x 

ere 
e. 

isc 

I  in 

A 

tin 

i. 

3- 

Write  on  your  slate  the  number  of  dots  in  each  part  of  a 
block,  and  then  write  the  whole  number  beneath. 


26 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XVII. 


You  have  now  learned 
about  the  numbers  from 
one  to  ten. 

Point  to  each  line  of 
a's  on  Mary's  slate  and 
tell  me  how  many  are 
in  the  line  ? 

Now  make  the  figures 
that  stand  for  ten . . .  f0. 

What  is  the  name  of 
the  left-hand  figure  ? 

The  right-hand  figure 
is  called  zero.  Point  to 
the  zero. 

Name  the  words  in  the  first  three  lines  of  this  lesson,  and 
tell  how  many  letters  each  word  has. 

You  learned  in  the  last  lesson  that  nine  and  one  are  ten. 
You  may  write  this  on  your  slate,  thus  :  9  +  1  =  10. 
The  sign  +  means  and  and  the  sign  =  means  equals. 
What  does  8  +  2  =  10  mean?      What  does  5  +  3  =  8 
mean  ?     How  many  are  4+6?  6  +  4? 

Copy  on  your  slate  the  following  tables : 

1  +  1  =  2 


2  +  1  =  3 
1  +  2  =  3 


3  +  1  =  4 

2  +  2  =  4 
1  +  3  =  4 


4  +  1  =  5 

3  +  2  =  5 
2  +  3  =  5 
1  +  4  =  5 


Now  read  these  tables 
from  your  slate,  thus : 

"  One  and  one  are  two " ;   "  two  and  one  are 
three  " :  "  one  and  two  are  three  "  ;  and  so  on. 


5  +  1-C 

4  +  2=6 
3  +  3  =  6 
2  +  4  =  6 
1  +  5=6 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


27 


\\ 

• 

•  • 
••• 

•  • 

• 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

• 

•  • 

••• 

••• 

•  • 

• 

V 

•  • 

• 
• 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

• 
• 

•  • 
••• 

•  • 

• 
• 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 
a    • 

• 
• 

•  • 

•  • 

• 

•  • 
• 

•  • 

• 
• 
• 

•   • 

©     9 

o   • 

• 
• 
• 

•  • 

•  •• 

•  • 

• 
• 
• 

• 
• 

0 

e   © 

•'  • 

•   v  \  v  •  *  •••  •••  ••• 

•  •  •  I  •  ©  •  •  o  ©  •  ©  m  •  • 

•     ••  •   •  •••  •• 

•  •  •••  ©  •  ©  •••• 


••• 


Point  to 
the  blocks 
that  have 
seven  dots, 
and  name 
each  pair 
of  numbers 
that  make 
seven. 

How  many 
must  be  put 
with  four 
to  make 
seven?  with 
two  to  make  seven  ? 

Point  to  the  blocks 
that  have   eight   dots, 
and  name  each  pair  of  numbers  that 
make  eight  ? 

How  many  more  are  eight  than  six  ?   than 
five  ?  than  two  ?  than  four  ? 

Point  to  the  blocks  that  have  nine  dots,  and 
name  each  pair  of  numbers  that  make  nine. 

How  many  are  nine  less  two  ?   nine  less  three  ? 

How  many  are  nine  less  eight  ?  less  seven  ?  less  four  ? 

Point  to  the  blocks  that  have  ten  dots,  and  name  each 
pair  of  numbers  that  make  ten. 

How  many  fives  are  there  in  ten  ?   how  many  twos  ? 

Write  on  your  slate  each  pair  of  numbers  that  make 
seven  ;  that  make  eight ;  nine ;  ten.     Thus  : 


••o 


••• 


s: 


•  © 
©  ©  i 


•  • 


6  +  1  =  7 

7  +  1  =  8 

8  +  1  =  9 

9  +  1  =  10 

5  +  2  =  7 

6  +  2  =  8 

7  +  2=9 

8  +  2  =  10 

Etc. 

Etc. 

Etc. 

Etc. 

28 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XVIII. 

Ten  and  one  are  eleven,  written //. 

Make  eleven  dots  on  your  slate. 
Make  the  figures  that  stand  for  eleven. 

Ten  and  two  are  twelve,  written  /J>. 

Make  twelve  dots  on  your  slate. 
Make  the  figures  that  stand  for  twelve. 

Ten  and  three  are  thirteen,  written  ..../J. 
Make  thirteen  dots  on  your  slate. 
Make  the  figures  that  stand  for  thirteen. 

Ten  and  four  are  fourteen,  written /4. 

Make  fourteen  dots  on  your  slate. 
Make  the  figures  that  stand  for  fourteen. 

Ten  and  five  are  fifteen,  written /<? 

Make  fifteen  dots  on  your  slate. 
Make  the  figures  that  stand  for  fifteen. 


How  many  must  be   put   with  ten   to   make  eleven? 
twelve  ?   thirteen  ?   fourteen  ?   fifteen  ? 

Robbie  has  ten  marbles  and  Oscar  has  two.     How  many 
have  both? 

There  were  thirteen  eggs  in 
the  nest,  but  three  have  rolled 
out.     How  many  are  left  ? 

Kate  has  ten  currants  on 
one  stem  and  four  on  another. 
How  many  has  she  in  all  ? 

How  many  plums  are  ten  plums  and  five  plums  ? 

Bead  the  following  table,  and  write  it  on  your  slate : 


••oo 

oo 
•••• 

1 ^ 

o 

•••0 

oo 
oooo 

o 
o 

oooo 

oo 
•••• 

o 
o 
o 

\ 

•©•• 

oo 

oooo 

o  o 

o  o 

OOOO 

oo 
oooo 

o  o 
o 

0  o 

10  +  1  =  11 
10  +  2  =  12 


10  +  3  =  13 
10  +  4  =  14 


10  +  5  =  15 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


20 


•••• 

•  •  • 

•• 

•••• 

•  •  • 

•• 
•••• 

O  0  • 

• 
•  •  • 

•  • 

N, 

oooo 

r        \ 

o©  © 

•• 

mm  • 

oeoo 

oo  o 

Ten  and  six  are  sixteen,  written f£ 

Make  sixteen  dots  on  your  slate. 
Make  the  figures  that  stand  for  sixteen. 

Ten  and  seven  are  seventeen,  written...//. 
Make  seventeen  dots  on  your  slate. 
Make  the  figures  that  stand  for  seventeen. 

Ten  and  eight  are  eighteen,  written  ..../cf. 
Make  eighteen  dots  on  your  slate. 
Make  the  figures  that  stand  for  eighteen. 

Ten  and  nine  are  nineteen,  written /^. 

Make  nineteen  dots  on  your  slate. 
Make  the  figures  that  stand  for  nineteen. 


•••• 

•© 


••oe 


Two  tens  are  twenty,  written 20. 

Make  twenty  dots  on  your  slate. 
Make  the  figures  that  stand  for  twenty. 

Ten  and  how  many  more  make  sixteen  ?    seventeen  ? 
eighteen  ?    nineteen  ?     How  many  tens  make  twenty  ? 

These  are  Nellie's  little 
rabbits.  How  many  are  there  ? 
Kate  has  enough  more  to 
make  sixteen  in  all.  How 
many  rabbits  has  Kate  ? 

How  many  boys  are  ten  boys  and  seven  boys  ? 

How  many  hats  are  ten  hats  and  eight  hats  ? 

How  many  balls  are  ten  balls  and  nine  balls  ? 

What  numbers  do  these  figures  stand  for  ? 

/J>,  /5,  //,  /^  /7,  /#  20t  18,  /4,  13. 

Read  the  following  table,  and  write  it  on  your  slate 


10  +  6  =  1G 

10  +  7  =  17 


10  +  8  =  18 
10  +  9  =  19 


10  +  10  =  20 


30 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XIX. 


I  ■  H  ■ 


See  how  tame  these 
doves  are  !  One  is  feed- 
ing from  Frank's  hand. 

How  many  others  are 
there  ?  How  many  in  all  ? 

There  is  another  dove 
by  the  side  of  Frank. 
How  many  besides  these 
two  are  there  in  the  pic- 
ture ?  What  do  nine  and 
two  make  ? 

If  three  doves  should  fly 
away,  how  many  would 
be  left  ?   3  from  11  leaves 
low  many  ? 


0000 

00 
0000 

• 

000 
000 
000 

0 
0 

How  many  doves  are  on  the  ground  ? 
Seven  and  how  many  are  11  ? 

How  many  dots  are  in  the  upper  block  ? 
How  many  are  11  less  1  ?    11  less  10  ? 

Three  3's  are  how  many  ?  9  and  2  ? 

Three  and  2  and  3  are  how  many  ? 
Eight  and  how  many  are  11  ? 

How  many  are  3  +  1  +  3  ?    7  +  4  ? 

How  many  more  are  1 1  than  7  ?  than  4  ? 

Six  and  what  are  11  ?    5  and  what  ? 
Five  and  2  and  2  and  what  are  11  ? 

I  will  name  one  part  of  11  and  you  may 
name  the  other  :10;1;9;2;8;3;7;4;6;5. 
Make  11  marks  on  your  slate  by  2's ;  3's  ;  4's ;  5's. 
How  many  2's  are  there  in  11  ?   How  many  3's  ?  4's?  5's? 


000 

00 
000 

0 
0 
0 

000 

0 
000 

0      0 
0      0 

* 

000 
000 

0      0 

0 
0      0 

PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


31 


Slate  Exercise  in  Adding. 

Copy  on  your  slate  the  following,  and  add  the  numbers 
that  the  figures  stand  for,  as  you  added  the  dots  on  page  1 5  : 


a. 

b. 

c 

d. 

e. 

/. 

£•• 

h. 

i. 

J. 

1 

2 

1 

2 

4 

1 

Q 

o 

1 

5 

2 

1 

1 

3 

2 

1 

3 

2 

4 

1 

4 

2 

3 

Charles  has  11  apples  and  Ralph  has  7.      How  many 
more  apples  has  Charles 
than  Kalph  ? 

How  many  of  my  fin- 
gers must  he  put  with 
your  8  fingers  to  make  11? 

There  were  6  sheep  in  a 
pen  and  the  owner  bought 
enough  more  to  make  11. 
How  many  did  he  buy  ? 

A  bureau  has  6  drawers ;  5  of  them  have  2  handles  apiece 
and  the  other  has  1  handle.    How  many  handles  have  all  ? 

Annie  had  11  plums  and  has  eaten  1  of  them.     How 
many  has  she  left  ? 

Annie  will  give  what  she  has  left  to  her  two  little  broth- 
ers.    How  many  can  she  give  to  each  ? 

What  is  half  of  ten  plums  ?    of  ten  grapes  ? 

You  learned  in  the  last  page  that  11  less  1  are  10;  this 
is  the  way  you  may  write  it :  11  —  1  =  10. 

The  sign  —  means  less.     What  does  the  sign  =  mean  ? 

Taking  part  of  a  number  away  is  subtracting. 

Copy  and  fill  out  the  following : 


2-1  = 

1.  4-3  = 

222.   5-2  = 

22.  4-3  = 

3-1  = 

4-2  = 

5-4  = 

3-2  = 

3-2  = 

5-1  = 

0-1  = 

0  -  3  = 

4-1  = 

5-3  = 

0-4  = 

5-3  = 

32 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XX. 

Clara  is  going  to  pick  some 
grapes  for  her  father.  How 
many  bunches  do  you  see  be- 
low her  arm?  How  many 
more  bunches  do  you  see  in 
the  picture  ?  How  many  in  all  ? 
Ten  and  two  are  how  many  ? 
two  and  ten  ? 

If  Clara    should  pick  the 

bunch   she  has  hold  of,  how 

many  bunches  would  be  left  ? 

1  from  12  leaves  how  many  ? 

If  Clara  should  pick  the  bunch  she  has  taken  hold  of,  and 

the  bunch  above  it,  and  one  bunch  more,  how  many  bunches 

would  she  pick  ?    How  many  would  be  left  ? 

Four  and  2  and  4  are  how  many  ?  10  and 
what  number  are  12  ?    2  and  what  are  12  ? 


oooo 

oo 
•ooo 

o 

o 

OOO 

ooo 
ooo 

o 
o 
o 

How  many  are  10  less  1  ?    9  +  3  ? 
How  many  3's  in  9  ?    in  12  ?    12  -  9  ? 

How  many  more  are  there  in  12  than  in  8  ? 
Three  4's  are  how  many  ? 

Two  and  3  and  2  are  how  many?  One 
part  of  1 2  is  7 ;  name  the  other  part. 

How  many  6's  in  12  ? 

There  are  3  winter  months,  3  spring 
months,  3  summer  months,  and  3  autumn 
months.     How  many  months  are  there  in  the  year  ?  " 

Make  12  marks  on  your  slate  by  2's;  by  3's;  by  4's; 
by  5's ;  by  6's. 

How  many  2's  in  12  ?     How  many  3's  ?  4's  ?  5's  ?  G's  ? 


oooo 
oooo 

o    o 

O      0 

ooo 

o 
ooo 

o     o 

0 

o    o 

PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


33 


Slate  Exercise  in  Adding. 
Copy  the  following,  and  add  the  numbers  that  the  figures 
stand  for : 

a.  b.  c.  d.  e.  f.  g.  h.  i.  j. 
36235713  24 
3145215464 


No  one  lives  in  this  house.     Here  are  8  windows,  and 
the  glass  is  out  of 
half  of  them.  How 
many  windows 
have  no  glass  ? 

One  window  has 
12  panes  of  glass 
in  it.  Half  the 
panes  are  in  the 
upper  sash  and 
half  in  the  lower. 
How  many  panes 
are  in  each  sash  ? 

What  is  one  half  of  12  ?   of  6  ?   of  10  ?   of  8  ? 

If  you  have  2  apples  and  eat  1,  how  many  will  be  left  ? 
If  you  have  12  apples  and  eat  1,  how  many  will  be  left? 

How  many  are  2  less  1  ?    12  less  1  ?    12  less  11  ? 

Willie  had  12  cents  and  spent  5  cents  for  a  top.     How 
many  cents  had  he  left  ? 

If  you  have  8  cents,  how  many  cents  must  your  father 
give  you  to  make  enough  to  buy  a  top  worth  12  cents  ? 

I  will  name  one  part  of  12  and  you  may  name  the  other: 
10;  2;  8;  4;  9;  5;  7;  3;  6;  11;  1. 

Copy  and  fill  out  the  following : 


■.  6-3  = 

1.  7  -  3  = 

221.  7  -  1  = 

22.  6-2  = 

6-2  = 

7-2  = 

8-2  = 

7-^1  = 

6-5  = 

7-5  = 

8-3  = 

6-4  = 

7-6  = 

7-4  = 

8-1  = 

8-3  = 

34 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 

Lesson  XXI. 


How  many  yachts  are  there  in  that  part  of  the  fleet  at 
the  right  of  the  picture  ?  How  many  in  the  part  at  the 
left  ?     How  many  are  there  in  all  ? 

There  are  9  persons  in  the  scow  and  4  in  the  boat.  How 
many  are  there  in  both  ? 

How  many  more  are  there  in  the  scow 
than  in  the  boat  ? 

What  number  taken  from  13  leaves  10  ? 

4  and  2  and  how  many  are  13  ? 

If  you  have  9  dots  on  your  slate,  how 
many  more  must  you  make  to  have  13  ? 

If  you  have  5  dots  on  your  slate,  how 
many  more  must  you  make  to  have  13  ? 

If  you  have  13  dots  on  your  slate,  how 
many  must  you  rub  out  to  leave  6  ? 

Make  13  marks  on  your  slate  by  2's  ;  by  3's  ;  by  4's  ;  by 
5's ;  by  6's. 

How  many  2's  in  13  ?   how  many  3's  ?  4's  ?   5's  ?   C's  ? 


cooo 

o 

•• 

o 

•••0 

• 

•  •• 

o   • 

o  ©  e 

o«o 

•  • 

ooo« 

•  • 

• 

•••• 

•  • 

\ 

•  •o 

•  • 

• 

•  • 

•  •• 

•  • 

PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


35 


Slate  Exercise  in  Adding. 

In  Example  a,  begin  at  the  bottom  of  the  column,  and 
think  "one,  two,  four";   then  write  4  under  the  line.     In 
doing  Example  b,  think  "two,  six,  seven";  then  write  7 
under  the  line.     In  the  same  way  do  the  other  examples. 
a.  b.        c.        d.        e.         f.        g.       h.        i. 

13234522 
42  3  21123 
21232344 


• 

2 
1 
1 

The  American  flag  has  13  stripes.    7  are  red  and 
the  rest  are  white.     How  many  are  white  ? 
If  3  red  stripes  and  2  white  stripes  are 
torn  off,  how  many  stripes  will 
remain  ? 

Mary  found  12  nuts  under 

a  tree.     She  ate  3,  gave  away 

3,  and  then  divided  the  rest 

equally     between    her     two 

brothers.    How  many  did  she  give  to  each  of  her  brothers  ? 

Dora  had  13  buttons  on  her  sack  and  lost  2  of  them. 

How  many  were  left  ? 

How  many  flowers  are  4  buttercups  and  9  daisies  ? 
John  has  2  cents  and  Amy  has  12.     If  you  should  give 
each  of  them  another  cent,  how  many  would  John  then 
have  ?     How  many  would  Amy  have  ? 

How  many  are  2  +  1  ?    12  +  1?    1  +  2?    11  +  2? 
I  will  name  one  part  of  13  and  you  may  name  the  other : 
10;  3;  9;  4;  8;  5;  6;  7;  12;  2;  11;  1. 
Copy  and  fill  out  the  following : 


8-4  = 

k.  9-1  = 

1.  9-6  = 

m.8-5  = 

8-6  = 

9-2  = 

9-8  = 

9-7  = 

8-5  = 

9-5  = 

9-3  = 

8-6  = 

8-7  = 

9-4  = 

9-7  = 

9-3  = 

36 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XXII. 


liiiiiiiiuJiiiiiliiuiiiiiiii! 


Charles  is 
making  a  house 
for  his  little 
brother  Freddie. 
H  o  w  many 
blocks  has  he 
put  in  it  ? 

How  many 
blocks  has  Fred- 
die? 

How  many 
blocks  are  there 
in  all? 

If  Freddie  should  put  one  of  his  blocks  in  the  house,  how 
many  would  there  be  in  the  house  ?  How  many  blocks 
would  Freddie  have  left  ? 

There  were  14  yards  of  yarn  on  the  ball,  but  the  cat  has 
unwound  4  yards.     How  many  yards  are  left  on  the  ball  ? 

Tell  me,  at  sight,  how  many  dots  there  are 
in  the  first  right-hand  square ;  in  the  fourth ; 
in  the  third. 

How  many  added  to  ten  make  14  ? 

How  many  are  14  —  5  ?   14  —  9  ? 
Nine  and  2  and  how  many  are  14  ? 

Eight  and  3  and  how  many  are  14  ? 
How  many  are  14  —  6  ?    14  —  8  ? 

What  is  one  half  of  14  ? 

Make  14  marks  on  your  slate  by  2's ;  by 
3's;  by4's;  by  5's;  by  6's;  by  7's. 

How  many  2's  are  there  in  14  ?  How  many  3's ;  4's ; 
5's;  6's;  7's? 


•  • 

•  •o 
••• 

•  • 
• 

•  • 

•••• 

•  • 
•••• 

•  • 

•  • 

VllI MARY  ARITHMETIC. 


37 


Slate  Exercise  in   Adding. 


a. 

Z>. 

c. 

d. 

e. 

/. 

£•• 

iz. 

i, 

7. 

2 

4 

2 

3 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

3 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

2 

5 

2 

2 

1 

2 

4 

4 

6 

3 

5 

3 

3 

2 

4 

4 

6 

4 

2 

4 

3 

2 

Mr.  Treat  caught  14  fishes,  and  sold  all  but  2  of  them. 
How  many  did  he  sell  ? 

If  he  sells  one  of  these 
fishes  for  14  cents  and  the 
other  for  5  cents  less,  how 
much  does  he  get  for  the 
other  ? 

If  6  of  the  fishes  that 
he  caught  weighed  a  pound 
apiece,  and  the  rest  together 
weighed  7  pounds,  how 
much  did  all  weigh? 

There  are  12  quarts  of  water  in  Prudy's  fish-pond.    How 
many  more  quarts  must  be  put  in  to  make  14  quarts  ? 

A  woman  has  agreed  to  knit  7  pairs  of  socks.    When  she 
has  knit  11  socks,  how  many  more  socks  has  she  to  knit? 

How  many  are  1  +  3  ?    11  +  3?   4-3?    14-3? 

Twelve  single  things  make  a  dozen.     How  much  will  a 
dozen  and  2  eggs  cost  at  a  cent  apiece  ? 

How  many  are  2  +  2  ?    12  +  2  ?    2  +  12  ? 

I  will  name  one  part  of  14  and  you  may  name  the  other : 
10;  4;  7;  8;  6;  9;  5;  13;  12  ;  3;  11;  1;  2. 

Copy  and  fill  out  the  following  : 


k.  11-4  = 
11-2  = 
11  - 1  = 
11-3  = 


1.   11-5  = 

11  -  7  = 
11-8  = 
12-6  = 


m.  12  -  3  = 
12-6  = 
12-4  = 
12-5  = 


iz.  9-  =4 

11-  =7 

12-  =9 
11-  =5 


38 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XXIII. 

Here  is  a  picture  of 
a  gold  eagle  and  a  half- 
eagle.  The  eagle  is  worth 
10  dollars,  and  the  half- 
eagle  is  worth  one  half 
of  10  dollars.  How  many 
dollars  is  the  half-eagle 
worth  ? 

How  many  dollars  are  the  eagle  and  half-eagle  together 
worth  ?     10  and  5  are  how  many  ? 

Those  are  half-eagles  in  the  pile.     How  many  half-eagles 
are  there  in  the  pile  ?    in  the  picture  ? 
14  and  1  are  how  many  ?     1  +  14  =  ? 
How  many  clots  are  there  in  the  first  right- 
hand  square  ?  in  the  third  ?  in  the  second  ? 
Point   to   the  square  that   has   9  dots; 
10  dots  ;  8  dots ;  6  dots  ;  5  dots  ;  7  dots. 

10  and  how  many  are  15  ?   9  and  how 
many  ?    8  and  how  many  ? 

I  will  name  one  part  of  15  and  you  may 
name  the  other :  10  ;  5 ;  7  ;  8 ;  9  ;  11 ;  6 ;  12  ;  4 ;  13. 

Make  15  marks  on  your  slate  by  2's ;  by  3's ;  by  4's ;  by 
5's ;  by  6's ;  by  7's. 

How  many  2's  are  there  in  15  ?   how  many  3's  ?   4's  ? 
5's?  6's?  7's? 


• 
o       • 

O  0  • 

o  • 

• 

Copy  and  fill  out  the  following : 


a.  4  +  7  = 

b.  8  +  4  = 

c.  3  +  9  = 

d.  4  + 

=  11 

3  +  5  = 

4  +  5  = 

10  +  3  = 

7  + 

=  13 

2  +  9  = 

6  +  6  = 

9  +  4  = 

9  + 

=  12 

10  +  2  = 

5  +  7  = 

8  +  6  = 

3  + 

=  11 

7  +  3  = 

3  +  8  = 

7  +  6  = 

5  + 

=  13 

PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


39 


Slate  Exercise  in  Adding. 


a. 

b. 

c. 

d. 

e. 

/. 

5*. 

iz. 

i. 

J. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

4 

1 

3 

4 

1 

3 

1 

0 

5 

2 

2 

4 

6 

1 

5 

1 

4 

2 

0 

4 

5 

4 

3 

0 

0 

5 

3 

6 

5 

2 

1 

2 

0 

6 

7 

2 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

3 

1 

Grace  is  fourteen  years  old,  and  she  is  cutting  and  making 
herself  a  dress.    If  she  works 
5    hours    a   day    on    it,  how 
many  hours  will  she  work  in 
2  days  ?  in  3  days  ? 

If  it  takes  her  15  hours  to 
make  the  skirt,  and  she  has 
worked  8  hours  on  it,  how 
many  more  hours  must  she 
work  before  it  is  done  ? 

If  some  ribbon  costs  6  cents 
a  yard,  what  must  you  pay 
for  2  yards  ?  for  half  a  yard  ?    for  2  yards  and  a  half  ? 

Charles  bought  a  pen-holder  for  8  cents  and  some  pens 
for  4  cents,  and  gave  the  store-keeper  a  10-cent  piece  and  a 
5-cent  piece.  How  many  cents  should  the  store-keeper  give 
him  back  ? 

Two  men  started  from  the  same  place ;  one  went  north  7 
miles,  and  the  other  went  south  6  miles.  How  far  apart 
were  they  then  ? 

Copy  and  fill  out  the  following : 


\  12-3  = 

1.    12-8  = 

m.  13-4  = 

n.   7-2  = 

12-6  = 

12-9  = 

13-9  = 

9-6  = 

12-5  = 

13-3  = 

13-7  = 

10-4  = 

12-7  = 

13-6  = 

13-8  = 

12-7  = 

12-4  = 

13-5  = 

14-4  = 

13-6  = 

40 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XXIV. 


-kS*^ 


See  how  swift  they  go  !     How  many- 
children  are  sliding  down  hill  ? 

How  many  more  do  you  see  in  the 
icture  ?     How  many  in  all  ? 

How  many  of  the  coast- 
;       ers  are  girls  ?   How  many 
are  boys  ? 

16  less  7  are  how  many  ? 

Tell  me  at  sight  how 
many  dots  there  are  in  the 
first  right-hand  square  be- 
low ;  in  the  third ;  in  the 
second. 
How  many  are  in  the  first  left-hand 
square  ?   in  the  third  ?   in  the  second  ? 

Three  and  3  aiid  3  and  how  many  more 
are  16?     What  is  half  of  16  ? 


E3 


O  99 


•  •• 

•  • 

. "N, 

•  • 

I  will  name  one  part  of  16  and  you  may 
name  the  other  :  10  ;  6  ;  8  ;  9  ;  7  ;  15  ;  13  ; 
11;  12;  2;  5;  14;  3;  1. 

Make  16  marks  on  your  slate  by  2's  ;  by  3's ;  by  4's ;  by 
5's ;  by  6's ;  by  7's ;  by  8's. 

How  many  2's  are  there  in  16  ?  How  many  3's  ?  4's  T 
5's?  6's?  7's?   8's? 

Copy  and  fill  out  the  following  : 


a.  6  +  7  = 

b.  8  +  6  = 

c.  9  +  6  = 

d.  9  + 

=  16 

14-7  = 

15-8  = 

16-9  = 

8  + 

=  14 

4  +  9  = 

6  +  8  = 

7  +  8  = 

6  + 

=  11 

14-8  = 

15-9  = 

16-6  = 

4  + 

=  13 

9  +  5  = 

10  +  5  = 

10  +  6  = 

6  + 

=  15 

PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


41 


Slate  Exercise  in  Adding. 


a. 
2 
4 
3 
1 
2 


It  snowed  very  fast  all  last  night,  and  now  the  snow  is 
16  inches  deep.  Yes- 
terday it  was  4  inch- 
es deep.  How  many 
inches  of  snow  fell 
last  night  ? 

How  many  are  6 
less  4?    16-4? 

Thomas,  the  larger 
boy,  was  16  years  old 
last  August.  Harry 
was  8  last 


August. 
How  many  years  younger  is  Harry  than  Thomas  ? 

The  boys'  caps  cost  a  dollar  apiece,  and  their  coats  cost  5  dol- 
lars apiece.    How  much  did  the  coats  and  hats  together  cost  ? 

There  were  16  snow-birds  in  the  path,  but  the  dog  fright- 
ened all  but  5  away.     How  many  did  he  frighten  away  ? 

How  many  are  16-5?  16-15?  16-2?  16-12? 

Harry  has  3  brothers,  4  sisters,  and  7  cousins.     When  he 
is  with  them  all,  how  many  are  together  ? 

Copy  and  fill  out  the  following  : 


-.  14-5  = 

1.  15-5  = 

222.    16-7  = 

22.   11-5  = 

5  +  8  = 

7  +  7  = 

8  +  7  = 

15-6  = 

14-9  = 

15-6  = 

16-8  = 

12-5  = 

10  +  4  = 

5  +  9  = 

6  +  9  = 

16-9  = 

14-6  = 

15-7  = 

13-5  = 

14  -  6  = 

8  +  1  = 

9  +  2=* 

6  +  4  = 

10  +  2  = 

42 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XXV. 


No,  no,  Annie !  the  sheep 
won't  hurt  you.  They 
think  you  have  something 
for  them.  See,  Daisy  is 
putting  her  nose  into  the 
basket !  How  many  sheep 
are  around  little  Annie  ? 

The  other  sheep  that  you 
see  belong  to  the  same 
flock.  How  many  sheep 
are  there  in  all  ? 

Five  of  the  sheep  are  feed- 
ing.    How  many  are  not  ? 

17  less  5  are  how  many? 

10   dots; 


EL 


•  •  • 


•  •• 

•  oo 


o  oo 


Point  to  the  square  that  has 
7  dots  ;   9  dots ;  8  dots. 

Ten  and  what  number  make  17?  7  and 
what  ?     8  and  what  ?     9  and  what  ? 

Annie  has  8  turnips.  How  many  more 
should  she  have  to  make  one  apiece  for  the 
sheep  ? 

I  will  name  one  part  of  17  and  you  may  name  the  other  : 
7;  6;  11;  5;  12;  9;  13;  3;  14;  2;  15;  1;  16;  8. 

Make  17  marks  on  your  slate  by  2's ;  by  3's ;  by  4's ;  by 
5's;  by  6's;  by  7's;  by  8's. 

How  many  2's  are  there  in  17  ?     How  many  3's  ?  4's  ? 
5's?  6's?   7's?   8's? 

Copy  and  fill  out  the  following : 


1  +  4  = 
9-2  = 

7  +  3  = 
6-3  = 


b.  4  +  4  = 

11-3  = 

3  +  7  = 

16-7  = 


c.  6  +  8  = 

11-7  = 

2  +  6  = 

14-5  = 


d.  5  +  7  = 

8  +  7  = 
3  +  9  = 

9  +  6  = 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


43 


Slate  Exercise  in  Adding. 


a. 

b. 

c. 

d. 

e. 

/. 

?« 

22. 

i. 

J. 

2 

3 

1 

1 

3 

1 

5 

4 

3 

4 

3 

2 

4 

5 

6 

0 

0 

5 

3 

2 

4 

2 

5 

1 

0 

6 

1 

0 

2 

4 

3 

7 

2 

4 

5 

6 

8 

2 

1 

2 

3 

2 

4 

3 

1 

1 

2 

5 

5 

6 

A  farmer  owned  17  cows,  but  has  sold  all  but  2.     How 
many  cows  has  he  sold  ? 

If  the  farmer's  red 
cow  gives  17  quarts  of 
milk  in  a  day,  and  his 
white  cow  gives  3  quarts 
less,  how  many  quarts 
does  his  white  cow  give? 

Two  pints  make  a 
quart.  If  you  drink  a 
pint  of  milk  a  day,  in 
how  many  days  will  you  drink  a  quart  ? 

How  many  pints  will  you  drink  in  6  days  ?  how  many 
quarts  ?    How  many  quarts  will  you  drink  in  a  week  ? 

If  milk  costs  5  cents  a  quart,  and  you  have  7  cents,  how 
many  more  cents  must  you  have  to  buy  3  quarts  ? 

How  many  are  4  +  4  +  5  —  2  —  7  ? 

Emma  is  5  years  old  and  Alfred  is  15.     How  old  will 
Emma  be  in  2  years  ?     How  old  will  Alfred  be  ? 

How  many  are  5  +  2  ?   15  +  2?    7-5?    17-5? 

Copy  and  fill  out  the  following  : 


7-4  = 

2.  14-8  = 

222.  16  -  8  = 

22.  13  -     =  10 

5  +  4  = 

5  +  2  = 

8  +  4  = 

14-    =   7 

8-1  = 

15-9  = 

12-4  = 

15-    =   8 

9  +  5  = 

6  +  6  = 

1  +  3  = 

11-    =   3 

4-2  = 

13-8  = 

12-9  = 

12-    =   6 

u 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 

Lesson  XXVI. 


Here   are   Mr.   and   Mrs.   Frog 
and   all   their   relations   having   a 
grand  concert. 
Count  the  two  beyond  the  log  with  those 
upon  it,  and  tell  how  many  there  are. 
How  many  are  under  the  log  ?     How  many  in  all  ? 
If  that  old  Mr.  Frog  should  jump  into  the  water,  how 
many  frogs  would  be  left  on  the  log  ? 

One  from  8  leaves  how  many  ?    1  from  18  ? 
If  2  of  the  8  frogs  on  the  log  should  dive  under  water 
and  swim  away,  how  many  would  be  left  on  the  log  ?   How 
many  would  be  left  in  all  ? 

2  from  8  leaves  how  many  ?     2  from  18  ? 


TRIM  All  Y  ARITHMETIC. 


45 


Slate  Exercise  in  Adding. 


a. 

b. 

e. 

d. 

e. 

/. 

£•• 

2z. 

i. 

/. 

7 

3 

5 

9 

5 

3 

7 

8 

3 

9 

3 

7 

6 

5 

0 

4 

3 

4 

7 

2 

2 

4 

2 

1 

9 

9 

2 

1 

3 

0 

2 

2 

3 

2 

3 

1 

4 

5 

2 

6 

1 


•  o 


How  many  put  with  5  make  8  ?     How 
many  put  with  15  make  18  ? 

Charlotte  has  18  pins  ;  Mary  has  13.    How 
many  more  has  Charlotte  than  Mary  ? 

How  many  are  9  and  9  ?    18  less  9  ? 

What  is  half  of  18  ? 

There  were  8  trees  on  each  side  of  a  walk  and  2  more 
trees  in  the  yard.     How  many  trees  were  there  in  all  ? 

If  a  dog  runs  18  miles  in  an  hour  and  a  deer  runs  15  miles 
in  the  same  time,  how  many  more  miles  in  one  hour  does 
the  dog  run  than  the  deer  ? 

I  will  name  one  part  of  18  and  you  may  name  the  other  : 
10;  9;  12;  6;  8;  14;  4;  13;  3;  16;  6;  5;  7;  11;  2;  15;  17. 

If  you  have  14  cents,  how  many  more  must  you  get  to 
have  18  in  all  ? 

4  and  what  make  8  ?   14  and  what  make  18  ? 

Make  18  marks  on  your  slate  by  2's ;  by  3's ;  by  4's ;  by 
5's  ;  by  6's ;  by  7's  ;  by  8's ;  by  9's. 

How  many  2's  are  there  in  18  ?  how  many  3's?  4's?  5's? 
6's?  7's?  8's?  9's? 

Copy  and  fill  out  the  following  : 


k.   7  +  4  = 

1.    8  +  3  = 

m.  8  +  7  = 

n.   9  +  4  = 

12-  6  = 

13-6  = 

14-6  = 

13-5  = 

10  +  3  = 

10  +  4  = 

10  +  6  = 

10  +  7  = 

11-3  = 

14-7  = 

12-5  = 

16-8  = 

9  +  8  = 

9  +  5  = 

8  +  6  = 

9  +  6  = 

46 


/ '/.'  I  MAR  Y  ARITHMETIC. 

Lesson  XXVII. 


See  these  busy  bees  !     How 
many   are   in   the   air  ?      How 
many  are  on  the  stump  ?     How 
many  are  there  in  all  ? 

How  many  are  10  and  9  ? 

After  losing  2  swarms  of  bees, 
a  farmer  had  7  swarms  left.  How 
many  swarms  had  he  at  first  ? 

How  many  are  7  and  2  ?  17 
and  2  ? 

How  many  are  1  +  8  ?  11  +  8? 

Make  19  marks  on  your  slate 
by  2's  ;  by  3's  ;  by  4's  ;  by  5's  ; 
by  6's  ;  by  7's ;  by  8's  ;  by  9's. 

How  many  2's  are  there  in  19  ? 
How  many  3's  ?  4's  ?  5's  ?    6's  ?    7's  ?    8's  ?    9's  ? 

Copy  and  fill  out  the  following : 


a.   17+1  = 

Z>.15  +  3  = 

c.  17-5  = 

d.  14  +  4  = 

18-4  = 

13  +  6  = 

14  +  2  = 

18  +  1  = 

14  +  5  = 

17-3  = 

12  +  3  = 

18-3  = 

19-8  = 

19-5  = 

19-6  = 

16  +  2  = 

13-2  = 

15  +  2  = 

14  +  3  = 

16-4  = 

PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


47 


Slate  Exercise  in  Adding. 


a. 

b. 

c. 

d. 

e. 

/. 

£•• 

22. 

i. 

.7* 

2 

3 

2 

1 

1 

5 

1 

4 

1 

3 

3 

0 

1 

6 

0 

3 

9 

1 

3 

2 

1 

8 

9 

8 

6 

4 

0 

8 

6 

7 

7 

4 

5 

1 

9 

4 

4 

4 

2 

4 

4 

3 

0 

1 

2 

1 

4 

1 

5 

2 

A  spider  caught  7  flies  on  Monday,  8  on  Tuesday,  and  4 
on  Wednesday.  How  many  did  he  catch  on  Monday  and 
Tuesday  ?  How  many  on  Tuesday  and 
Wednesday  ?    How  many  in  all  ? 

One  cold  day  3  flies  lighted  on  the 
window-pane.  Emma  counted  their  wings 
and  their  eyes  and  their  feet.  How  many 
wings  did  she  count  ?  How  many  eyes  ? 
How  many  feet  ? 

If  19  flies  were  in  the  kitchen  this  morning  and  12  of 
them  were  driven  out,  how  many  were  left  ? 

There  are  18  windows  in  a  house,  and  only  11  of  them 
have  screens.     How  many  have  no  screens  ? 

One  day  John  picked  12  purple  violets  and  5  white  ones. 
Ida  picked  11  purple  violets  and  8  white  ones.  How  many 
violets  did  John  pick  ?  How  many  did  Ida  pick  ?  How 
many  more  did  Ida  pick  than  John  ? 

I  will  name  one  part  of  19  and  you  may  name  the  other  : 
9;  10;  14;  12;  8;  6. 

Copy  and  fill  out  the  following  : 


*.15  +  1  = 

1.   17-2  = 

272.19-4  = 

n.  13  +  2  = 

17-4  = 

14-1  = 

18-5  = 

11  +  6  = 

16  +  3  = 

15-2  = 

14-2  = 

12  +  4  = 

16-2  = 

19-3  = 

15  +  4  = 

18-5= 

12  +  2  = 

13  +  4  = 

17  +  2  = 

17  +  1  = 

48 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 

Lesson  XXVIII. 


How  many  swallows 
are  over  the  barn  and 
on  the  roof  at  the  right  of  the  picture  ?  How  many  are  on 
the  chimney  and  roof  of  the  house  at  the  left  ?  How  many 
in  all  ?     Two  10's  are  how  many  ? 

If  that  large  swallow  on  the  house  should  fly  to  the  barn, 
how  many  would  be  on  and  near  the  barn  then  ?  How 
many  would  be  left  at  the  hou&fe  ? 

One  morning  Henry  fed  9  sparrows,  3  robins,  and  8  doves. 
How  many  birds  did  he  feed  in  all? 

Ealph  has  13  doves,  and  Ethel  has  7  more  than  he  has. 
How  many  doves  has  Ethel  ?  If  2  of  Ethel's  doves  should 
fly  away,  how  many  would  she  have  left  ? 

Make  20  marks  on  your  slate  by  2's ;  by  3's ;  by  4's  ;  by 
5's  ;  by  6's ;  by  7's ;  by  8's ;  by  9's ;  by  10's. 


8's? 


In  20  how  many  4's  ?    6's  ? 
Copy  and  fill  out  the  following  : 


a.  9  +  7  = 

7  +  9  = 

8  +  8  = 
10  +  6  = 
10  +  7  = 


k  8+  9  = 
9+  8  = 
7  +  10  = 

10+8  = 
9+    9  = 


c.  10+    9  = 

9  +  10  = 

10  +  10  = 

17-7  = 

17-9  = 


7's?    9's?    3's? 

d.  17-  8  = 
17-10  = 
18-8  = 
18-9  = 
19-9  = 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


49 


Slate  Exercise  in  Adding. 


a. 

Z>. 

c. 

d.       e. 

/.       g. 

h. 

i. 

J- 

3 

1 

6 

3        2 

5        1 

2 

6 

4 

5 

7 

0 

2        9 

0        2 

8 

4 

5 

6 

7 

9 

7        4 

6        7 

0 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

4        1 

5        7 

8 

4 

5 

2 

1 

1 

3        1 

3        1 

1 

2 

3 

3an 

you 

tell  the 

name  of  this  animal 

? 

What 

a  wise 

look   he   has  !      How   many 
fingers    and    thumbs   has   a      j£~, 
monkey  on  one   fore   paw  ?  - 
How  many  on  both  ? 

He  has  the  same  number  of  ||L 
fingers  and  thumbs  on  his  hind  p^l 
paws,  too.  How  many  fingers  pja 
and  thumbs  has  he  in  all  ? 

How  many  are  5  and  5  and 
5  and  5  ?  Four  5's  are  how 
many  ? 

Frank  set  his  white  hen  on  17  eggs.  All  but  2  hatched; 
but  4  of  the  chickens  were  carried  off  by  a  hawk.  How 
many  chickens  did  the  white  hen  have  left  ? 

The  black  hen  has  11  chickens  of  her  own,  5  of  Redtop's, 
and  3  of  the  old  speckled  hen's.  How  many  chickens  has 
she  in  all  ? 

How  many  cents  are  two  10-cent  pieces  worth  ? 

Copy  and  fill  out  the  following  : 


1. 


m. 


n. 


7  + 

=  16 

8  + 

=  17 

10  + 

=  20 

17- 

=   9 

10  + 

=  16 

7  + 

=  17 

17- 

=  10 

18- 

=  10 

9  + 

=  17 

9  + 

=  17 

17- 

=   8 

19- 

=  10 

8  + 

=  16 

6  + 

=  17 

10  + 

=  19 

17- 

=   7 

10  + 

=  17 

10  + 

=  17 

9  + 

=  19 

18- 

=   8 

50 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XXIX. 

Effie's  doll  is  ill,  and  the  anx- 
ious mamma  has  sent  for  Doctor 
Charles,  who  is  just  coming  in  at 
the  door. 

1.    If  the  doctor  orders  5  drops 
of  medicine  every  hour,  how  many 
drops  must  dolly  take  in  2  hours  ? 
2.   Dolly's 
mamma  has  put 
a  plaster 
on   her 
chest 
that  she 
bought 
for      7 
pins,  and 
she  paid 
9    pins 
for   her 
cough-drops.      How  many  pins  did  both  cost? 

3.  Effie  had  a  present  of  dolly's  bedstead,  because  when 
her  father  gave  her  17  hard  words  to  spell,  she  spelt  all 
right  but  2.     How  many  words  did  she  spell  right  ? 

4.  If  dolly's  hat  cost  9  cents  and  her  boots  cost  11  cents 
more  than  her  hat,  how  many  cents  did  her  boots  cost  ? 

5.  Effie  has  7  picture-books  and  a  song-book.  Charles 
has  5  story-books,  and  each  has  a  scrap-book.  How  many 
books  has  Effie  ?  How  many  has  Charles  ?  How  many 
books  have  both  together  ? 

6.  Charles  had  12  books,  and  lie  has  only  6  books  now.  If 
he  gave  1  away  and  lost  all  the  rest,  how  many  did  he  lose  ? 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC.  51 

7.  Charles  is  trying  now  to  take  care  of  his  books.  How 
many  more  must  he  get  to  have  as  many  as  Erne  has  now  ? 

8.  On  the  first  page  of  Erne's  scrap-book  is  a  picture  of 
5  large  seals  and  9  small  ones.  How  many  seals  are  in  the 
picture  ? 

9.  Erne's  mother  spent  an  hour  every  day  for  6  days, 
and  4  hours  besides,  in  making  her  scrap-book.  How  many 
hours  did  she  spend  in  all  ? 

10.  Charles  made  his  own  scrap-book,  and  put  in  it  2 
stories  about  dogs,  3  about  birds,  1  about  a  walrus,  1  about 
flying  kites,  and  9  other  stories.  How  many  stories  did 
he  put  in  the  book  ? 

11.  These  stories  filled  17  pages,  and  he  has  3  pages  more 
to  fill.     How  many  pages  are  there  in  his  book  ? 

12.  By  and  by  the  children's  mother  is  coming  to  take 
them  to  ride  to  their  grandfather's,  who  lives  4  miles  away. 
How  far  must  they  ride  in  going  and  coming  back  ? 

13.  Their  grandfather  has  2  oxen,  7  cows,  4  calves,  1 
horse,  2  pigs,  and  4  sheep.  How  many  animals  have  I  told 
you  he  has  ? 

14.  Besides  these,  he  has  6  doves,  8  hens,  and  17  little 
chickens.     How  many  more  hens  than  doves  has  he  ? 

15.  If  a  weasel  should  steal  4  of  the  little  chickens,  how 
many  would  be  left  ? 

16.  Erne  and  Charles  love  to  play  in  their  grandfather's 
barn.  Charles  takes  14  steps  in  going  across  the  barn  floor, 
and  Effie  takes  19.  How  many  more  steps  does  Effie  take 
than  Charles  ? 

17.  Effie  and  Charles  are  planning  a  tea-party  for  to- 
morrow if  the  doll  is  well  enough.  They  will  ask  Kate 
and  her  two  sisters,  and  Emma  and  Johnny,  and  Johnny's 
little  brother.  If  all  come,  how  many  children  will  there 
be  at  the  party,  counting  Effie  and  Charles  ? 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 

Lesson  XXX. 

Numbers  from  Ten  to  Twenty. 


fl.fc 


3=, 


/#     //    fS    /3     -/4     f&    1&  *7     *#    f£    20 

How  many  ones  are  there  in  the  number  10  ? 

How  many  tens  are  there  in  the  number  10  ? 

How  many  tens  and  how  many  ones  are  there  in  the 
number  11  ? 

How  many  tens  and  how  many  ones  are  there  in  12  ? 
in  13  ?  in  15  ?  in  18  ?  in  14  ?  in  19  ?  in  16  ?  in  17  ? 

How  many  tens  are  there  in  20  ? 

Numbers  from  Twenty  to  Thirty. 

Twenty  and  one  are  twenty- one,  written  2/ 

Twenty  and  two  are  twenty- two,  written 22 

Twenty  and  three  are  twenty- three,  written 23 

Twenty  and  four  are  twenty-four,  written 24 

Twenty  and  five  are  twenty-five,  written  25 

Twenty  and  six  are  twenty- six,  written 2& 

Twenty  and  seven  are  twenty- seven,  written  2? 

Twenty  and  eight  are  twenty- eight,  written 2S 

Twenty  and  nine  are  twenty-nine,  written £j? 

Twenty  and  ten,  or  three  tens,  are  thirty,  written •  SO 

Count  by  ones  from  twenty  to  thirty ;  from  thirty  to 
twenty.     "Write  these  numbers  in  figures  on  your  slate. 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 
Numbers  made  up  of  Tens. 


53 


F. 


r 

/ 

T 

How  many  tens  are  there  in  the  collection  of  blocks 
marked  A  t  in  B  ?  in  G  1  in  D  ?  in  E  t  in  F  t 

Four  tens  are  forty,  written 40 

Five  tens  are  fifty,  written  £0 

Six  tens  are  sixty,  written  t?0 

G.  H.  I.  J. 




_~ 


How  many  tens  are  there  in  G  ?   in  H  f  in  I  ?  in  J  ? 

Seven  tens  are  seventy,  written  /0 

Eight  tens  are  eighty,  written  S0 

Nine  tens  are  ninety,  written  J70 

Ten  tens  are  a  hundred,  written /00 

Read  the  following : 

a.  20.  c.  30.  e.   80.  g.   10.  i.     90. 

b.  40.  d.  60.  /.    50.  h.  70.  j.  100. 

Write  in  figures  :  sixty  ;  eighty  ;  thirty  ;  fifty ;  twenty  : 
ninety  ;  forty  ;  seventy ;  a  hundred. 

Count  by  tens  to  a  hundred,  thus  :  "  Ten ;  twenty ; 
thirty  " ;  and  so  on. 


54  PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 

Numbers  to  a  Hundred. 

Thirty  and  one  are  thirty-  on  e,  written 3/ 

Thirty  and  two  are  thirty-  two,  written 32 

Thirty  and  five  are  thirty- five,  written  3 J 

Count  by  ones  from  thirty  to  forty.  Write  these  numbers. 

Forty  and  one  are  forty- one,  written  4? 

Forty  and  three  are  forty-  thre  e,  written    43 

Forty  and  six  are  forty-six,  written  4& 

Count  by  ones  from  forty  to  fifty.    Write  these  numbers. 

Fifty  and  one  are  fifty-one,  written <£"/ 

Fifty  and  five  are  fifty- five,  written  <5<5 

Sixty  and  one  are  sixty- one,  written &f 

Sixty  and  eight  are  sixty- eight,  written  &£ 

Seventy  and  one  are  seventy- one,  written // 

Seventy  and  nine  are  seventy-nine,  written fy 

Eighty  and  one  are  eighty- one,  written S-f 

Eighty  and  six  are  eighty- six,  written  St? 

Ninety  and  one  are  ninety-one,  written ^/ 

Ninety  and  nine  are  ninety-nine,  written  (?(? 

Now  see  if  you  can  count  by  ones  from  one  to  a  hundred. 

Kead  the  following,  and  tell  how  many  tens  and  ones 
there  are  in  each  number  : 

k.  21.  m.  32.  o.  58.  q.  75.  s.     94. 

1.    26.  22.    43.  p.  69.  r.   87.  t.  100. 

Write  in  figures  on  your  slate : 

Twenty-two.  Thirty-three.  Eighty-one. 

Sixty-two.  Forty-five.  Eighty-nine. 

Seventy-three.  Sixty-seven.  Ninety-six. 

Eighty-four.  Fifty-eight.  One  hundred. 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


55 


Lesson  XXXI. 

Here  is  Mary  read- 
ing to  her  brother. 
She  has  been  telling 
him  about  numbers, 
and  here  are  some 
blocks  like  those  9 
she  arranged  9  9 
for   him  to      9  9  9 

count.       gggg 
You  ggggg 

may  answer  the  questions  she  asked  him,   9  3  9  (3  9  (3 
and  you  may  do  what  she  told  him  to  do.    9  9 13  9  3  9  9 

Mary.  Freddie,  as  I  name  the  9999  99  9  3 
rows  you  may  point  to  the  blocks  £3£3(3f3{3[3t3(!3£3 
and  tell  me  how  many  there  are  {3E3E3f-3t3£3(3t3£}  9 
in  each  row.     Beady  : 

Upper  row  ;  next  row  ;  next ;  next ;  next ;  next ;  next ; 
next ;  next ;  last. 

Now  begin  with  the  last  row  you  pointed  at,  and,  going 
backward,  tell  me  again  how  many  there  are  in  each  row. 

How  many  ones  are  there  in  2  ?   in  4  ?  in  7  ?   in  5  ?   in  8  ? 

in  10? 

Exercise  in  Adding  at  sight. 

a.        b.       c.  d.        e.        f.  g.       h.        i. 

(1.)  Add    111  111  222 

to      1      21      31  2      22      32  1      21      31 


(2.)  Add  2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

to   3 

23 

43 

6 

26 

46 

4 

24 

34 

(3.)  Add  3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

to   7 

27 

47 

8 

28 

38 

9 

29 

59 

56 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XXXII. 

1.  How  many 
ears  has  one  rab- 
bit? 

2.  How  many 
ears  have  two  rab- 
bits ? 

3.  Two  2's  are 
how  many  ? 

4.  How  many  2's  are  there  in  4  ? 

5.  How  many  wings  has  1  bird  ?  How  many  have  3  birds  ? 

6.  How  many  are  three 
2's? 

7.  How  many  2's  are 
there  in  6  ? 

Mary  made  some  marks 
on     the    blackboard    by 
twos,  and   when  she 
stopped  at  the  end  of  a  row  Freddie  told  her  how  many 
twos  there  were  and  how  many  marks  she  had  made. 


What  Mary  made. 


II 


Wlmt  Freddie,  said. 

"ltwo,    2." 

"2  twos,  4." 
"3  twos,  6." 

"  4  twos,  8,"  and  so  on. 
You  may  tell  the  rest  that 
Freddie  said. 


ll  II  n 
il  ll  ll  ll i | 

8.   How  many  ears  has  each  ~  ^== 
of  these  puppies  ?     How  many  have  all  ? 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


57 


Slate  Exercise.  TABLE. 

Write  these  figures  on  your  2  =  2.         1  two    is    2. 

slate  and  add  the  numbers  2  +  2  =  4.  2  twos  are  Jf. 

they  stand  for.    As  you  2  +  2  +  2  =  3  twos  are 

add  them,  copy  and  2  +  2  +  2  +  2=  Jf.  twos  are 

fill  out  the  table  2  +  2  +  2  +  2  +  2=  5  twos  are 

at  the  right.         2  +  2  +  2  +  2  +  2  +  2=  6  twos  are 

2  +  2  +  2  +  2  +  2  +  2  +  2=  7  twos  are 

2  +  2  +  2  +  2  +  2  +  2  +  2  +  2=  8  twos  are 

2  +  2  +  2  +  2  +  2  +  2  +  2  +  2  +  2=  9  twos  are 

2  +  2  +  2  +  2  +  2  +  2  +  2  +  2  +  2  +  2=  10  twos  are 

Eepeat  the  table  forward  and  back. 

Uniting  equal  numbers  is  called  multiplying. 

Thus,  uniting  3  twos  is  called  multiplying  two  by  3. 


Exercise  in  Multiplying  at  sight. 

a.        b.       c.        d.       e.        f.        g. 

Multiply      2        2        2        2        2        2        2 

by  3462587 


h.       i. 

2        2 
9      10 


9.  How  many  2's  are  there  in  4  ?  in  8  ?  in  6  ?  in  2  ? 
in  10  ?   in  12  ?   in  18  ?   in  14  ?  in  20  ?   in  16  ? 

10.  Helen  had  2  pears  each  day  for  2  days.  How  many 
pears  did  she  have  in  all  ? 

11.  Dora  missed  2  words  of  her  spelling-lesson  on  Mon- 
day, 2  words  on  Tuesday,  and  2  words  on  Wednesday.  How 
many  words  did  she  miss  in  the  3  days  ? 

12.  If  Dora  should  keep  on  missing  2  words  every  day, 
how  many  words  would  she  miss  in  5  days  ?   in  7  days  ? 

13.  How  many  plums  will  it  take  to  give  Frank  and 
5  other  children  2  plums  apiece  ? 

14.  If  it  takes  2  yards  of  cloth  to  make  an  apron,  how 
many  yards  will  it  take  to  make  9  aprons  ?  to  make  10  aprons  ? 


58 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XXXIII. 


1.  Here  are  three 
chickens  for  you  and 
three  for  Etta.  How 
many  chickens  for 
both?  Two  3's  are 
how  many  ? 

2.  How  many  feet  have  three  chickens  ?     Three  2's  are 
how  many  ? 

3.  How  many  3's  are  there  in  6  ?     How  many  2's  ? 

4.  Three  pigs  running, 
three  pigs  resting,  and  three 
pigs  rooting  in  the  ground. 
How  many  pigs  are  there  in 
all? 

5.  Three  3's  are  how  many? 

6.  Three  more  pigs  be- 
longed to  the  same  litter,  but 
they  have  been  sold.     How 

many  were  in  the  litter  at  first  ? 

7.  Four  3's  are  how  many  ? 

8.  How  many  3's  are  there  in  9  ?   in  12  ? 

You  may  now  tell  how  many  threes 
there  are  in  each  line  of  threes,  and 
how  many  marks  there  are,  as 
Freddie  told  the  twos,  thus : 
1  three,    3. 


2  threes,  6. 

And  so  on. 


II! 
Ill 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


59 


Slate  Exercise.  TABLE. 

Write  these  figures  and  add  3  =  3.  1  three    is    3. 

the  .  numbers    they    stand  3  +  3  =  6.  2  threes  are  6. 

for.      As   you  add   the  3  +  3  +  3  =  3  threes  are 

numbers,    copy   and         3  +  3  +  3  +  3=  4  threes  are 

fill  out  the  table       3  +  3  +  3  +  3  +  3=  5  threes  are 

at   the   right.       3  +  3  +  3  +  3  +  3  +  3=  6  threes  are 

3  +  3  +  3  +  3  +  3  +  3  +  3=  7  threes  are 

3  +  3  +  3  +  3  +  3  +  3  +  3  +  3  =  8  threes  are 

3  +  3  +  3  +  3  +  3  +  3  +  3  +  3  +  3=  9  threes  are 

3  +  3  +  3  +  3  +  3  +  3  +  3  +  3  +  3  +  3  =  10  threes  are 

Eepeat  the  table  forward  and  back. 


Multiply 


Exercise  in  Multiplying  at  sight, 
a.       b.        c.       d.        e.        f.       g. 
3        3        3        3        3        3        3 

2        4         7        6        3         9        8 


How 


h.       i. 

3         3 
5       10 


9.  Count  these  acorns    by   2's. 
many  2's  are  there? 

10.  Count  them  by  3's.    How  many  3's 
are  there  ? 

Is  there  any  difference  between  two  3's  and  three  2's  ? 

11.  Which  would  you  rather  have :  3  paper  bags  with 
2  oranges  in  each,  or  2  paper  bags  with  3  oranges  in  each  ? 
Why? 

12.  If  one  cent  will  buy  3  apples,  how  many  apples  will 
5  cents  buy  ? 

13.  A  class  of  little  folks  formed  a  procession  and 
marched  in  6  rows,  3  in  a  row.  How  many  were  in  the 
class  ? 

14.  If  there  are  8  rows  of  children,  3  in  a  row,  how 
many  children  are  there  in  all? 


60 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XXXIV. 

=„-_ 1.  How  many  feet  has 

(^  one  dog?  How  many  feet 
have  two  dogs  ?  Two  4's 
are  how  many  ? 

2.  How  many  ears  have 
four  dogs  ?  Four  2's  are 
how  many  ? 

3.  How  many  4's  are 
there  in  8  ?  How  many  2's  ? 

4.  How  many  feet  have  three  dogs  ?  How  many  have 
three  kittens  ?     Three  4's  are  how  many  ? 

5.  Make  4  marks  on  your  slate ;  make  4  more  marks ; 
make  4  more.  How  many  times  have  you  made  4  marks  ? 
How  many  marks  have  you  made  ? 

6.  How  many  marks  are  3  times  4  marks  ? 

7.  How  many  wheels  are  there  on  a  wagon  ?  How  many 
wheels  must  a  person  have  to  make  4  wagons  ?  Four  4's 
are  how  many  ? 

8.  Make  4  marks  5  times.  5  times  4,  or  five  4's,  are  how 
many  ? 

Exercise  in  Adding  at  sight. 


a. 

b. 

c. 

d. 

e. 

/, 

£•• 

2z. 

i. 

(9).  Add    4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

to      2- 

22 

32 

4 

24 

34 

6 

16 

36 

(10.)  Add    4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

to      8 

18 

28 

10 

20 

40 

9 

19 

29 

Exercise  in   Subtracting  at  sight. 
(11.)  From  6       16       36        11       21       41        12       22       32 


take    4 


A 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


61 


h. 

i. 

4 

4 

9 

5 

Slate  Exercise.  table. 

Write  these  figures  and  add  4  =  4.  1  four    is    Jj.. 

the    numbers    they    stand  4  +  4  =  8.  2  fours  are  8. 

for.     As  you  add  the  4  +  4  +  4  =  S  fours  are 

numbers,  copy  and  4  +  4  +  4  +  4=  4  fours  are 

fill  out  the  table         4  +  4  +  4  +  4  +  4=  5  fours  are 

at  the  right.         4  +  4  +  4  +  4  +  4  +  4=  6  fours  are 

4  +  4  +  4  +  4  +  4  +  4  +  4=  7  fours  are 

4  +  4  +  4  +  4  +  4  +  4  +  4  +  4=  8  fours  are 

4  +  4  +  4  +  4  +  4  +  4  +  4  +  4  +  4=  9  fours  are 

4  +  4  +  4  +  4  +  4  +  4  +  4  +  4  +  4  +  4=  10  fours  are 

Eepeat  the  table  forward  and  back. 

Exercise  in  Multiplying  at  sight 

a.        b.  c.       d.        e.  f.        g. 

Multiply    4         4  4         4         4  4         4 

by    '     2         7  3         8         6  10        4 

4  multiplied  by  2  can  be  written  thus  :  4  X  2. 
4x2  may  be  read  "  four  multiplied  by  two,"  or  "  two 
times  four." 

12.  How  many  are  two  4's,  or  4  X  2  ?  six  4's,  or  4  X  6  ? 

13.  How  many  4's  are  there  in  4  ?  in  8  ?  in  16  ?  in  24  ? 
in  12  ?   in  20  ?  in  36  ?  in  32  ?  in  40  ? 

14.  If  you  should  buy  4  oranges  at  4  cents  apiece,  how 
many  cents  would  you.  pay  for  them  ? 

15.  If  you  cany  4  sticks  of  wood  into  the  house,  and 
then  4  more,  and  then  4  more,  and  so  on  7  times,  how 
many  sticks  will  you  carry  in  ?     7  times  4  are  how  many  ? 

16.  I  know  a  boy  who  carried  in  8  armfuls  of  wood  for 
his  grandmother.  If  there  were  4  sticks  in  each  armful, 
how  many  sticks  did  he  carry  ? 

17.  If  he  had  gone  once  more  and  carried  4  sticks,  how 
many  sticks  would  he  have  carried  her  in  all  ? 


62 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XXXV. 

About  measuring  Distances. 

Here  is  a  line  an  inch  long :    1 


Get  a  strip  of  paper  and  mark  off  12  inches  upon  it. 
Now  you  have  something  to  measure  with. 

How  many  inches  long  is  your  pencil  ?  your  slate  ? 
How  many  inches  is  it  around  your  wrist  ?  your  neck  ? 
Twelve  inches  make  a  foot.     Place  your  hands  a  foot 
apart.     Hold  your  hand  a  foot  from  the  floor. 

Mark  off  3  feet  on  the  floor. 
Three  feet  make  a  yard. 

This  boy  is  measuring  the 
room  with  a  yardstick.  Can 
you  hold  your  hands  a  yard 
apart  ? 

Find  how  long  the  school- 
room is. 

1.  How  many  feet  are  there  in  2  yards  ?  in  3  yards  ?  in 
5  yards  ? 

Now  repeat  the  table : 

12  inches  make  a  foot. 
3  feet       make  a  yard. 

2.  Count  these  squares  by  3's.    How  many  3's  are  there  ? 
How  many  squares  ? 

3.  Count  them  by  4's.    How  many 
4's  are  there  ? 

4.  Is  there  any  difference  between 
four  3's  and  three  4's? 

5.  Edith  had  4  rows  of  patchwork, 
3  squares  in  a  row,  and  Grace  had  3  rows,  4  squares  in 
a  row.     How  many  squares  did  each  girl  have  ? 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC.  63 

Lesson  XXXVI. 

About  measuring  Liquids,  as  Milk,  Oil,  etc. 

In  the  picture  is  a  gill- cup,  a 
pint-measure,  a  quart-measure,  and 
a  milk-can  that  holds  a  gallon. 

If  your  teacher  has  these  meas- 
ures for  you  to  use,  try  and  find 
how  many  times  you  must  fill  a 
gill-cup  and  pour  it  into  the  pint- 
measure  to  fill  it.     You  will  in  this  way  learn  how  many 
gills  make  a  pint.     Then  you  may  try  to  find  how  many 
pints  make  a  quart  and  how  many  quarts  make  a  gallon. 
Now  repeat  the  table  : 

4  gills      make  a  pint. 
2  pints    make  a  quart. 
4  quarts  make  a  gallon. 

1.  How  many  gills  are  there  in  1  pint  ?  in  2  pints  ? 

2.  How  many  times  must  you  fill  a  gill-cup  to  measure 
out  a  pint  of  milk  ?  How  many  times  must  you  fill  it  to 
measure  out  a  quart  ? 

3.  How  many  pints  are  there  in  1  quart  ?  in  4  quarts  or 
a  gallon  ?   in  2  gallons  ? 

4.  How  many  times  must  you  fill  a  pint-cup  to  measure 
a  gallon  of  oysters '( 

5.  If  there  are  8  gills  in  a  quart,  how  many  gills  are 
there  in  a  gallon  ? 

6.  How  many  pint-bottles  will  it  take  to  hold  2  quarts 
of  catsup  ? 

7.  A  man  has  a  can  which  contains  2  gallons  of  milk. 
How  many  quarts  does  it  contain  ?  If  the  man  sells  1 
quart  to  one  person,  2  quarts  to  another,  and  2  quarts  to 
another,  how  many  quarts  will  be  left  in  the  can  ? 


64 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XXXVII. 


Can  you  tell  the  names  of 
the  parts  of  a  flower  ?  Point  to 
the  petals  of  one  of  the  flowers. 

1.  If  each  flower  has  5  pet- 
als, how  many  petals  have  2 
flowers  ? 

2.  How  many  petals  have 
3  flowers  ?  4  flowers  ? 

3.  How  many  are  three  5's  ? 
four  5's  ? 

4.  How  many  5's  in  20  ? 


Adding  at  sight, 
a.        b.         c. 

(5.)  Add    5        5        5 
15 


to 


35 


5 
45 


Subtracting  at  sight. 
(6.)  From  10      20       30       40 
take     5 


Slate  Exercise. 
Write  these  fig-        5  =  5. 
ures  and  add         5  +  5  =  10, 
the  numbers  they  stand  for.         5  +  5  +  5  = 
As  you  add  the  num-         5  +  5  +  5  +  5  = 
hers,  copy  and  fill         5  +  5  +  5  +  5  +  5  = 
out   the    table         5  +  5+5  +  5  +  5  +  5  = 
at       the  5  +  5  +  5  +  5  +  5  +  5  +  5  = 

right.  5  +  5  +  5  +  5  +  5  +  5  +  5  +  5  = 

5+5+5+5+5+5+5+5+5= 
5+5+5+5+5+5+5+5+5+5= 


5          5          5 

TABLE. 

1  five    is    5. 

2  fives  are  10. 

3  fives  are 

J/,  fives  are 

5  fives  are 

6  fives  are 

7  fives  are 

8  fives  are 

9  fives  are 

10  fives  are 

PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC.  65 

Exercise  in  Multiplying  at  sight, 
a.       b.        c.       d.       e.       f.        g.       h.        L 
(7.)  Multiply  555555543 
by_6__5__8_J^     JL_i__A__J? ? 

8.  How  many  5's  are  there  in  25  ?  in  10  ?  in  35  ?  in 
20?   in  40?  in  45?  in  15  ?  in  30  ?   in  50  ? 

9.  Emma  has  5  books,  and  Charles  has  3  times  as  many 
and  1  book  more.     How  many  books  has  Charles  ? 

10.  How  many  books  have  Charles  and  Emma  together? 

11.  Mrs.  Jay  sent  May  with  25  cents  to  buy  4  spools 
of  cotton  at  5  cents  a  spool.  How  much  did  they  cost  ? 
How  many  cents  should  May  take  back  with  the  cotton  ? 

12.  If  your  brother  is  5  years  old,  and  your  mother  is  7 
times  as  old  as  your  brother,  how  old  is  your  mother  ? 

13.  If  your  father  is  8  times  as  old  as  your  brother,  how 
old  is  your  father  ? 

14.  What  must  be  paid  for  7  pounds  of  sweet  potatoes 
at  5  cents  a  pound  and  a  bunch  of  beets  worth  4  cents  ? 

15.  I  saw  a  man  with  a  basketful  of  bottles  of  mucilage 
which  he  was  selling  at  5  cents  a  bottle.  I  bought  6  bottles. 
How  much  did  they  come  to  ? 

16.  Johnny's  coat  cost  5  dollars,  and  the  man  who  sold 
it  has  10  more  just  like  it.  If  he  gets  5  dollars  for  each 
coat,  how  much  will  he  get  for  the  10  ? 

17.  In  the  picture  on  the  opposite  page  each  of  the 
leaves  has  5  leaflets;  point  to  one  of  the  leaflets.  How 
many  leaflets  are  there  in  5  of  the  leaves  ?  in  6  ? 

18.  What  will  9  plates  cost  at  5  cents  apiece  ? 

19.  How  many  are  5  X  9  ?   19  +  5  ?   19  -  5  ? 

20.  How  many  are  5  x  7  ?   17  +  5?   17-5? 

21.  How  many  are  8  x  3  ?  18  +  3  ?  18  -  3  ? 


66 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XXXVIII. 

How  many  legs  does  this  beetle  have? 

1.  If  each  beetle  has  6  legs,  how  many- 
legs  do  2  beetles  have  ? 

2.  Two  6's  are  how  many  ? 

gggggg       gggggg 

3.  How  many  6's  are  there  in  12  ?  how 
many  3's  ?  how  many  2's  ?  how  many  l's  ?  how  many  4's  ? 

4.    Make  6  marks  on  your  slate     , , ,  , , ,     , , , , . . 
3  times.     How  many  are  3  times  6 
marks  ?    How  many  6's  are  there  in  18  ? 

Exercise  in  Adding  and   Subtracting  at  sight, 
a.       b.       c.        d.       e.        f.        g.       h. 
(5.)  Add     66666666 


II 


to 


22       42 


24      54 


26 


l. 

6 
36 


(6.)  8  +  6  =  ?  18  +  6?  48  +  6?  10  +  6?  20  +  6?  30+6? 
(7.)  8-6  =  ?  18-6?  48-6?  10-6?  30-6?  60-6? 
(8.)  12-6  =  ?   22-6?   42-6?   14-6?   24-6?  54-6? 

Slate  Exercise.  table. 

Copy  and  nil  out  on  your  slate  the         6  =  6.  1  six    is    6. 

exercise  and  the  table.    As  you         6  -}-  6=  2  sixes  are 

copy  each  line  of  the  exercise,       6  -}-  6  -\-  6=  3  sixes  are 

count  by   6's    forward         6  +  6  +  6  +  6=  4  sixes  are 

and  back,  thus :6,         6  +  6  +  6  +  6  +  6=  5  sixes  are 

12, 12,  6;  6,12,         G  +  6  ^  6 -j- 6  +  6  +  6=  6  sixes  are 

18,18,12,6;      6+6  +  6  +  6  +  6  +  6  +  6=  7  sixes  are 

and  so        6  +  6  +  6  +  6  +  6  +  6  +  6  +  6=  8  sixes  are 

on.       6  +  6  +  6  +  6  +  6  +  6  +  6  +  6  +  6=  9  sixes  are 

6  +  6  +  6  +  6  +  6  +  6  +  6  +  6  +  6  +  6=  10  sixes  art 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC.  67 

Exercise  in  Multiplying  at  sight, 
a.        b.        c.       d.        e.        f.        g.       h.        i. 
(9.)  Multiply  666666654 
by       4         9       10         786566 

10.  How  many  6's  are  there  in  12  ?  in  24  ?  in  18  ?  in 
36  ?   in  30  ?  in  48  ?  in  42  ?  in  60  ?  in  54  ? 

11.  Helen  knits  6  times  around  a  stocking  every  day. 
How  many  times  does  she  knit  around  in  3  days  ?  in 
4  days? 

12.  Belle  sews  6  stitches  in  a  minute.  How  many  stitches 
will  she  sew  in  5  minutes  ?  in  10  minutes  ? 

13.  Clara  has  6  knots  of  ribbon  on  her  dress  and  6  loops 
in  every  knot.  How  many  loops  of  ribbon  has  she  on  her 
dress  ? 

14.  Seven  girls  have  each  6  yards  of  ribbon.  How 
many  yards  do  all  the  girls  have  ? 

15.  Nine  boys  have  each  6  yards  of  kite-line.  How 
long  a  line  would  it  make  if  it  was  all  in  one  piece  ? 

16.  Eight  men  have  oysters  served  on  the  half-shell.  If 
they  eat  6  oysters  apiece,  how  many  do  all  eat  ? 

17.  Walter  picked  up  2  burrs  and  found  3  chestnuts 
in  each  burr.  How  many  chestnuts  did  he  find  in  both 
burrs  ? 

18.  Eva's  class  read  twice  every  day.  How  many 
times  do  they  read  in  4  days  ? 

19.  Edgar  plays  3  games  of  ball  every  day  of  his  vacation. 
How  many  games  does  he  play  in  5  days  ? 

20.  If  3  hodfuls  of  coal  are  used  for  a  fire  in  1  day,  how 
many  hodfuls  are  used  in  8  days  ?  in  10  days  ? 

21.  James  asked  Etta  to  tell  him  how  many  7  times  3 
were.     What  ought  she  to  have  said  ? 

22.  How  many  cents  have  6  boys,  if  each  boy  has  4  cents  ? 

23.  You  may  tell  what  3x9  equals  ;  6x9;  6x8. 


68 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson    XXXIX. 

1.  Cherries  !  cherries !  Seven  cher- 
ries for  you.  If  Alice  also  has  seven, 
how  many  cherries  have  you  both  ? 

2.  Two  7's  are  how  many  ?     How 
many    7's    in 
14? 


inn 


in 


3.  Seven  peaches  were  put  on 
the  dinner-table  Monday,  seven 
more  were  put  there  on  Tuesday, 
and  seven  more  on  Wednesday. 
How  many  were  there  in  all  ? 

mi!!!  mini  mini 

4.  Three  7's  are  how  many  ? 

Exercise  in  Adding  and  Subtracting  at  sight, 

a.       b.  c.       d.       e.       f.        g.       h.        i. 

(5.)  Add  7        7  7        7        7        7        7        7        7 

to     1      21  2      42        3      63        5      35        6 


J. 

7 
56 


(6.)     8  +  7  =  ?   18+7?   28  +  7?     9  +  7?  29  +  7?  49+7? 

(7.)    12-7  =  ?  42-7?   13-7?   63-7?  15-7?   35-7? 

Slate  Exercise.  table. 

Copy  and  fill  out  on  your  slate  the         7  =  7.     1  seven    is    7. 

exercise  and  the  table.    As  you         7  +  7  =  2  sevens  are 

copy  each  line  of  the  exercise,       7  +  7  +  7=  3  sevens  are 

count   by  7's,  forward         7  +  7  +  7  +  7=  4  sevens  are 

and  back,  thus  :   7,         7  +  7  +  7  +  7  +  7=  5  sevens  are 

14, 14,  7 ;  7, 14,        7  +  7  +  7  +  7  +  7  +  7  =  6  sevens  are 

21,  21,  14,         7  +  7  +  7  +  7  +  7  +  7  +  7  =  7  sevens  are 

7 ;    and       7  +  7  +  7  +  7  +  7  +  7  +  7  +  7=  8  sevens  are 

so  on.    7  +  7  +  7  +  7  +  7  +  7  +  7  +  7  +  7=  9  Sevens  are 

7  +  7  +  7  +  7  +  7  +  7  +  7  +  7  +  7  +  7=  10  sevens  are 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC.  69 

Exercise  in  Multiplying   at  sight, 
a.       b.      c.       d.      e.      f.       g.      h.       i.      j. 
(8.)  Multiply   7777777675 
by       3       8749     10       5767 

9.  How  many  7's  are  there  in  14  ?  in  28  ?  in  42  ?  in 
35  ?  in  49  ?  in  63  ?  in  56  ?  in  70  ? 

10.  How  many  days  are  there  in  2  weeks  ?  in  4  wTeeks  ? 

11.  Clara  bought  3  oranges  at  7  cents  apiece.  How  much 
did  they  cost  ? 

12.  Sarah  filled  6  pages  of  her  scrap-book,  and  put  7  pic- 
tures on  each  page.  How  many  pictures  did  she  put  in 
her  book  ? 

13.  If  you  have  5  strings  and  put  7  horse-chestnuts  on 
each  string,  how  many  chestnuts  do  you  string  ? 

14.  John  earns  7  dollars  a  week.  How  many  dollars 
does  he  earn  in  8  weeks  ?  in  10  weeks  ? 

15.  Eva  made  7  letters  on  the  cushion,  putting  7  pins  in 
a  letter.     How  many  pins  did  she  use  ? 

16.  If  one  settee  will  seat  7  persons,  how  many  will  9 
settees  seat  ? 

17.  Eichard  was  in  school  4  hours  a  day.  How  many 
hours  was  he  there  in  5  days  ?  in  6  days  ? 

18.  Mark  was  at  school  2  hours  a  day  in  study  and  3  in 
recitation.  How  many  hours  was  he  at  school  in  1  day  ? 
in  4  days  ?  in  5  days  ?  in  6  days  ? 

19.  How  many  are  7  times  5?   7  +  5?   7  —  5? 

20.  How  many  are  six  5's  +  1  ?    six  4's  +  3  ? 

21.  How  many  are  eight  3's  +  1  ?    eight  7's  +  2  ? 

22.  How  many  are  nine  4's  ?  nine  5's  ?    9  +  5  ? 

23.  How  many  more  in  6  X  3  than  in  4  x  4  ? 


70 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 

Lesson  XL. 

Do  you  know  of  what  color  a 
lobster  is  when  he  is  boiled  ?  He  is 
red  I  but  when  alive  he  is  dark  green. 

1.  How  many  little  side-claws 
has  a  lobster?  How  many  little 
side-claws  have  2  lobsters  ? 


2.    Two  8's  are  how  many  ?     How  many  8's  in  16  ? 
Make  8  rings  ;  make  8  more  ;  8  more. 


o  o  o  o 
o  o  o  o 


O  O  O  O 

o  o  o  o 


o  o  o  o 
o  o  o  o 


3.   How  many  times  have  you  made  8  rings  ?    8x3  =  ? 

Exercise  in  Adding  and  Subtracting  at  sight. 

a.       b.       c.           d.       e.        f.  g.       h.  L 

(4.)  Add    8       8        8            8        8        8  8        8  8 

to     2     32       72            4      24      64  6      16  56 


(5.)  From  10      40       80         12       32       72 

14      24      64 

take     8        8         8           8         8         8 

8        8        8 

Slate  Exercise. 

TABLE. 

Copy  and  fill  out  on  your  slate         8  =  8. 

1  eight    is    8. 

the  exercise  and  the  table.         8  +  8  = 

2  eights  are 

As   you  copy  each   line         8  +  8  +  8  = 

3  eights  are 

of     the     exercise,            8  +  8  +  8  +  8  = 

Jf  eights  are 

count  by  8's  for-         8  +  8  +  8  +  8  +  8  = 

5  eights  are 

ward    and           8  +  8  +  8  +  8  +  8  +  8  = 

6  eights  are 

back.            8  +  8  +  8  +  8  +  8  +  8  +  8  = 

7  eights  are 

8+8+8+8+8+8+8+8= 

8  eights  are 

8+8+8+8+8+8+8+8+8= 

9  eights  are 

8+8+8+8+8+8+8+8+8+8= 

10  eights  are 

PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC.  71 

Exercise  in  Multiplying  at  sight, 
a.      b.       c.       d.      e.       f.       g.      h.      i.      j. 
(6.)  Multiply  8888888875 
by       _5 2 3 £  _10     J) 6 7^  _8_      9 

7.  How  many  8's  are  there  in  24  ?  in  16  ?  in  32  ?  in 
56?   in  40?   in  48  ?   in  72  ?   in  80  ? 

8.  If  it  takes  8  yards  of  cloth  for  yonr  mother's  wrap- 
per, how  many  yards  will  it  take  to  make  2  such  wrappers  ? 

9.  Mr.  Eay's  horse  travelled  8  miles  an  hour  for  4  hours. 
How  far  did  he  go  in  4  hours  ?  in  3  hours  ? 

10.  Six  men  paid  8  dollars  apiece  for  a  boat.  How  much 
did  all  pay  ? 

11.  How  many  pears  will  it  take  to  give  8  pears  apiece 
to  5  girls  ?    to  8  girls  ? 

12.  Mary  thinks  7  times  8  are  56.     Is  she  right  ? 

13.  Mary  does  not  know  what  9  times  8  equals.  Can 
you  tell  her  ? 

14.  What  will  10  yards  of  cotton  cost  at  8  cents  a  yard  ? 

15.  Erne  is  2  years  old,  and  her  sister  is  5  times  as  old. 
How  old  is  her  sister  ? 

16.  Erne's  brother  is  9  times  as  old  as  she  is.  How  old 
is  her  brother  ? 

17.  How  many  years  younger  is  Erne  than  her  brother  ? 

18.  How  many  times  does  the  sun  rise  in  1  week  ?  in  4 
weeks  ?  How  many  times  will  it  set  in  5  weeks  and  2 
days  ? 

19.  When  Benny  was  sick  he  played  with  his  Noah's 
ark,  and  put  all  the  animals  in  rows  of  4  each.  After  he  had 
put  them  all  up  he  had  8  rows  and  one  animal  left  over. 
How  many  animals  belonged  to  the  ark  ? 

20.  How  many  are  4  times  8  and  1  more  ?   8x5  +  4=? 

21.  John's  mother  gave  him  a  paint-box  with  2  rows  of 
paints  in  it,  8  in  a  row.     How  many  paints  did  he  have  ? 


72  PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 

Lesson  XLI. 

About  measuring  Dry  Things,  as  Berries  and  Grain. 

Here  is  a  picture  of  a  pint- 
measure,  a  quart-measure,  a 
peck-measure,  and  a  bushel- 
basket. 

How  many  pints  of  milk 
make  a  quart  ?  Just  the  same 
number  of  pints  of  dry  things 
make  a  quart,  but  these  pints 
and  quarts  are  a  little  larger 
than  pints  and  quarts  of  milk. 

Try  to  find  how  many  quarts  make   a   peck  and  how 
many  pecks  make  a  bushel.     I  hope  you  will  find  these 
measures  at  home  if  you  do  not  have  them  at  school. 
Repeat  the  table : 

2  pints     make  a  quart. 
8  quarts  make  a  peck. 
4  pecks    make  a  bushel. 

1.  A  man  had  a  peck  of  peanuts ;  how  many  quarts  had 
he  ?  He  sold  the  peanuts  by  the  pint ;  how  many  pints 
did  he  sell  ?  If  the  peanuts  were  4  cents  a  pint,  how  much 
did  the  man  get  for  a  quart  ?  How  much  for  the  whole 
peck? 

2.  How  many  times  must  you  fill  a  peck-measure  to 
measure  out  a  bushel  of  potatoes  ? 

3.  How  many  times  must  you  fill  a  quart-measure  to 
measure  out  a  peck  of  oats  ?  a  bushel  of  oats  ? 

4.  How  many  times  must  you  fill  a  half-peck  measure  to 
measure  out  a  peck  of  apples  ?   a  bushel  ?   half  a  bushel  ? 

5.  If  quinces  are  a  dollar  a  peck,  what  will  a  bushel 
cost  at  the  same  rate  ?     What  will  2  bushels  cost  ? 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC.  73 

6.  If  a  quart  of  berries  cost  7  cents,  what  will  a  peck 
cost  ?     What  will  a  peck  and  2  quarts  cost  ? 

7.  Hannah  has  5  beads  on  one  string  and  15  on  another. 
How  many  beads  has  she  on  both  strings  ? 

8.  Blanche  has  6  beads  on  one  string  and  twice  as  many 
on  another.  How  many  beads  has  she  on  the  other  string? 
How  many  on  both  strings  ? 

9.  Helen  had  17  plums ;  she  gave  away  9  and  ate  5, 
How  many  did  she  give  away  and  eat  ?  How  many  had 
she  left  ? 

10.  What  will  5  railroad-tickets  cost  at  4  dollars  apiece? 

11.  Mr.  Jones  bought  6  clocks  at  5  dollars  apiece.  How 
much  did  they  cost  him  ? 

12.  Mr.  Jones  sold  the  6  clocks  at  8  dollars  apiece.  How 
much  money  did  he  receive  for  them  ? 

13.  Sarah,  Grace,  and  Kitty  have  each  new  cambric 
dresses.  If  it  takes  7  yards  to  make  1  dress,  how  many 
yards  does  it  take  to  make  3  dresses  ? 

14.  May's  mother  has  19  tulips  and  May  has  7.  How 
many  more  has  her  mother  than  she  ? 

15.  There  are  5  jackets  with  10  buttons  on  each.  How 
many  buttons  are  there  on  all  ? 

16.  What  is  the  difference  between  12  and  19  ? 

17.  Charles  bought  10  pencils  and  paid  4  cents  apiece 
for  them.     How  many  cents  did  he  pay  ? 

18.  Charles  used  up  in  one  year  2  common  pencils,  2 
hard  pencils,  and  2  soft  pencils.  How  many  pencils  did  he 
use  up,  and  what  did  they  cost  at  5  cents  apiece  ? 

19.  Nine  boys  were  told  they  might  pick  up  6  apples 
apiece.  Six  of  the  boys  picked  up  6  apples  apiece ;  how 
many  apples  did  they  pick  up  ?  The  other  3  boys  picked 
up  5  apples  apiece ;  how  many  apples  did  they  pick  up  ? 


74 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XLII. 

1.  Bananas  grow  in  Florida  and  other 
warm  countries.  How  many  are  there 
in  this  cluster  ?  If  you  have  a  cluster 
of  9  bananas  and  another  cluster  just 
like  it,  how  many  bananas  have  you  ? 


•  •  •  • 
•   •   •  •  • 


•   •  •   • 
•  •  •   •   • 


2.  Two  9's  are  how  many  ?    How  many  9's  in  18  ? 

3.  If  a  banana  costs  9  cents, how  much  will  3  bananas  cost? 


•  •  •  • 


•  •  • 


•  •  •  o 


4.    How  many  9's  in  27  ?     How  many  3's  in  9  ?  in  18  ? 
in  27? 

Exercise  in  Adding  and  Subtracting  at  sight, 
a.        b.       c.       d.       e.        f.       g.       h.        i.        j. 
(5.)   9999999999 
AddJ_     81        2      72        3      63        4      54        5      45 

(6.)  6  +  9  =  ?   36  +  9?  7  +  9?  27  +  9?   8  +  9?   18  +  9? 
(7.)  17-9?  27-9?  16-9?  36-9?  15-9?  45-9? 

Slate  Exercise.  table. 

Copy  and  fill  out  on  your  slate         9  =  9.  1  nine    is    9. 

the  exercise  and   the  table.         9  +  9  =  2  nines  are 

As  you  copy  each  line  of         9  +  9  +  9=  3  nines  are 

the  exercise,   count  9  +  9  +  9  +  9=  4  nines  are 

by   9's   forward         9  +  9  +  9  +  9  +  9=  5  nines  are 

and  back.  9  +  9  +  9  +  9  +  9  +  9=  6  nines  are 

9  +  9  +  9  +  9  +  9  +  9  +  9=  7  nines  are 

9  +  9  +  9  +  9  +  9  +  9  +  9  +  9=  8  nines  are 

9  +  9  +  9  +  9  +  9  +  9  +  9  +  9  +  9=  9  nines  are 

9  +  9  +  9  +  9  +  9  +  9  +  9  +  9  +  9  +  9=  10  nines  are 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC.  75 

Exercise  in  Multiplying  at  sight, 
a.      b.       c.      d.       e.       f.      g.       h.      i.      j. 
(8.)  Multiply  9999999978 
by        3865     10       49799 

9.  How  many  9's  are  there  in  18  ?  in  36  ?  in  27  ?  in 
54  ?  in  45  ?  in  63  ?  in  81  ?  in  72  ?  in  90  ? 

10.  In  one  class  there  are  9  children  on  one  settee,  9  on 
another,  and  2  children  besides.  How  many  children  are 
there  in  the  class  ? 

11.  What  would  4  loaves  of  bread  cost  at  9  cents  a  loaf? 

12.  What  would  8  loads  of  hay  cost  at  9  dollars  a  load  ? 

13.  A  baker  sold  3  loaves  of  bread  at  9  cents  a  loaf,  and 
one  loaf  for  6  cents.     What  did  he  receive  for  the  whole  ? 

14.  If  a  bushel  of  potatoes  lasts  2  persons  9  weeks,  how 
long  will  it  last  1  person  ? 

15.  If  you  can  get  9  dates  for  a  cent,  how  many  dates 
can  you  get  for  5  cents  ?  for  10  cents  ? 

16.  It  takes  Alfred  9  minutes  to  go  to  school  and  7  min- 
utes to  come  home,  and  he  goes  to  school  6  times  in  a  week. 
How  many  minutes  is  he  in  going  to  school  6  times  ? 

17.  How  many  minutes  is  he  in  coming  home  6  times  ? 

18.  My  father  put  up  9  barrels  of  apples  for  the  winter. 
How  much  did  they  cost  at  5  dollars  a  barrel  ? 

19.  Horace  sold  8  bunches  of  roses  at  5  cents  a  bunch. 
What  did  they  all  sell  for  ? 

20.  If  you  make  7  squares  of  patchwork  and  put  8  pieces 
in  a  square,  how  many  pieces  do  you  use  ? 

21.  Nellie  is  7  years  old,  and  her  grandfather  is  9  times 
as  old  and  1  year  more.     How  old  is  her  grandfather  ? 

22.  How  many  are  9  times  7  +  1  ?   8  times  8  +  6  ? 

23.  If  it  takes  8  shoes  to  shoe  an  ox,  how  many  will  it 
take  to  shoe  a  yoke  of  oxen  ?  to  shoe  2  yoke,  or  4  oxen  ? 


76 


FHIMAR  Y  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XL.III. 

1.  In  a  park  are  two  broods  of 
beautiful  young  swans  or  cygnets. 
If  there  are  ten  in  each  brood,  how 
many  are  in  the  two  broods  ? 

2.  How  many  10's  in  20  ?  How 
many  2's  in  20?  Three  10's  are  how 
many  ? 

3.  Make  40  marks  on  your  slate. 
Count  them  forward  and  back  by 
10's;  by  5's. 

inn  iiiii    inn  iiiii    urn  urn    iiiii  inn 

4.  How  many  10's  are  there  in  30  ?   in  40  ? 

5.  If  cheese  is  10  cents  a  pound,  what  must  I  pay  for  3 
pounds  ?   for  4  pounds  ? 

Exercise  in  Adding  at  sight. 


(6.)   10 

10 

10         10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

Add  20 

30 

40        60 

50 

70 

80 

90 

Fill  out  the  following 

Exercise 

in   Multiplying 

at   si 

ght. 

TABLE. 

(7.)   10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

1  ten    is    . 

10.  . 

X2 

5 

4 

6 

7 

2  tens  are  J 

20. 

3  tens  are 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

Jf  tens  are 

5  tens  are 

6  tens  are 

7  tens  are 

X3 

(8.)     3 

x^o_ 

1 

7 
10 

8 

9 
10 

10 

5 
10 

9 

8 
10 

8  tens  are 

9  tens  are 
10  tens  are 

6 

x_io 

2 
10 

1 
10 

4 
10 

10 
10 

9.   How  many  10's  in  50  ?   in  60  ?   in  70  ?   in  90  ? 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


77 


Lesson  XLIV. 

About  Money. 

What  names  are  on  these 
coins  ?  The  cent  is  made  of 
bronze  and  the  dime  of  silver. 
One  dime  is  equal  to  ten  cents. 

1.  Two  dimes  are  equal  to  how  many  cents  ?  3  dimes  ? 
a  half-dime  ?  2  dimes  and  a  half  ? 

2.  If  you  had  a  dime  changed  to  cents  and  should  spend 
7  cents,  how  many  cents  would  you  have  left  ? 

3.  Mary  has  2  dimes  and  John  has  20  cents.  How  many 
cents  must  each  get  to  have  25  cents  ? 

4.  One  dollar  is  equal  to  10  dimes.  Two  dol- 
lars are  equal  to  how  many  dimes  ?  4  dollars  ? 
half  a  dollar  ? 

5.  If  you  get  a  dollar  changed  to  dimes  and 
have  8   dimes  besides,  how  many  dimes  do  you 

have  in  all  ? 

6.  If  10  cents  make  a  dime  and  10  dimes  make  a  dollar, 
how  many  cents  make  a  dollar  ? 

Repeat  the  following  table  : 

10  cents    make  a  dime. 

10  dimes  make  a  dollar. 

100  cents    make  a  dollar. 

7.  A  dime  and  a  half-dime  equal  how  many  cents  ? 

8.  Two  dimes  and  3  cents  equal  how  many  cents  ? 

9.  If  you  have  a  half-dime  and  4  cents,  how  many  more 
cents  must  you  get  to  have  2  dimes  ? 

10.  If  you  should  buy  2  loaves  of  bread  at  10  cents  a 
loaf,  and  should  give  the  baker  twenty-five  cents,  how  much 
should  the  baker  give  you  back  ? 

Now  you  may  make  some  questions  about  money. 


A  Gold  Dollar. 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XLV. 


—**5SBS^c~ 


1.  Arthur  has  bought  4 
carrots  for  his  rabbits.  If 
he  gives  them  2  carrots  a 
day,  how  many  days  will 
the  carrots  last  ? 

2.  How  many  shoes  make 
a  pair  ?  If  a  man  can  make 
8  shoes  in  a  day,  how  many 
pairs  of  shoes  can  he  make  ? 

3.  How  many  2's  are  there  in  6  ?  in  10  ?  in  14  ?  in  20? 

4.  How  many  2-cent  stamps  can  you  buy  for  16  cents  ? 

5.  If  a  letter-stamp  costs  3  cents,  how  many  letter- 
stamps  can  you  buy  for  6  cents  ?  for  9  cents  ? 

6.  How  many  3's  are  there  in  9  ?  in  15  ?  in  12  ? 

7.  Dora  has  18  cents  to  spend  for  oranges.  At  2  cents 
apiece,  how  many  oranges  can  she  buy  ?  If  she  pays  3 
cents  apiece,  how  many  oranges  can  she  buy  ? 

8.  How  many  feet  make  a  yard  ?  How  many  yards  are 
there  in  24  feet  ?   in  21  feet  ?  in  27  feet  ? 

9.  Arthur's  father  gave  him  8  pears.  If  Arthur  should 
eat  4  pears  a  day,  how  many  days  would  they  last  ? 

10.  How  many  4's  are  there  in  8?  in  12?  in  20?  in  28  ? 

11.  How  many  quarts  make  a  gallon  ?  Mr.  Snow  sold 
7  quarts  of  milk  to  one  person,  8  quarts  to  another,  and  9 
quarts  to  another.  How  many  quarts  did  he  sell  ?  how 
many  gallons  ? 

12.  How  many  pecks  make  a  bushel  ?  Mr.  Green  sold 
2  pecks  of  pears  to  Mr.  Day,  3  pecks  to  Mrs.  Ring,  7  pecks 
to  Mr.  March,  and  a  bushel  to  Dr.  Otis.  How  many  bushels 
did  he  sell  in  all  ? 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC.  79 

13.  Horace  spent  15  cents  for  oatmeal  at  5  cents  a  pound. 
How  many  pounds  did  he  buy  ? 

14  Lillie  arranged  20  autumn- 
leaves  on  the  walls  of  her  room, 
putting  them  5  in  a  bunch.  How 
many  bunches  did  she  make  ? 

15.  Margaret    made    some   bou-  f*Zffi_ 
quets,  putting   5   roses   into  each 
If  she  used  25  roses,  how  many  bouquets  did  she  make  ? 

16.  How  many  hours  will  it  take  a  man  to  go  12  miles 
if  he  goes  2  miles  an  hour  ?    3  miles  ?   4  miles  ?    6  miles  ? 

To  answer  the  above  questions,  you  had  to  find  how 
many  2's  or  3's  or  4's  or  6's  there  are  in  the  number  12. 
This  is  dividing. 

Finding  how  many  2's  there  are  in  a  number  is  dividing 
by  2  ;  finding  how  many  3's  there  are  is  dividing  by  3  ;  and 
so  on. 

12  divided  by  2  may  be  written  12  +  2,  or  2)12. 

Exercise    in    Dividing. 

Copy  the  following,  and  divide  the  numbers  written  in 
each  line  by  the  number  written  at  the  left,  putting  the 
answer  beneath. 

a.        b.       c.       d.       e.         f.       g.       h.        i.       j. 

2)A       2        6      10      14        8      16      20      14      18 

3)_6_    _1    ^_    ^     24     ^       3      18      30  21 

4)  4      J^     16      J2£     J^      28       40       20       32  36 

5)  5      30      10      25      15      50      40      20      35  45 

6)  6     _24^6_30_18^_S4      12      48  60 
Look  on  the  book  and  give  the  answers  at  sight. 


80 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XL VI. 


1.  Edith  spent  14 
iJli^yg^H  F^ffh            days   at  her  uncle's. 

How  many  weeks  did 
she  spend  ? 

2.  If  Edith  had 
spent  21  days,  how 
many  weeks  would 
she  have  spent  ? 

3.  How  many  7's 
are  there  in  14?  in  21? 

4.  If  it  takes  7 
yards  for  a  dress,  how 

many  dresses  can  be  made  by  using  28  yards  ?   35  yards  ? 

5.  How  many  piles  of  8  marbles  each  can  you  make 
with  16  marbles  ?   with  24  marbles  ? 

6.  How  many  8's  are  there  in  16  ?   in  24  ?    in  32  ? 

7.  How  many  quarts  make  a  peck  ?  If  the  class  should 
go  out  berrying  and  should  pick  40  quarts  of  blackberries, 
how  many  peck-baskets  could  they  fill  with  them  ? 

8.  John  dug  enough  potatoes  to  fill  16  peck-baskets. 
How  many  bushels  did  he  dig  ? 

9.  Mr.  Dow  has  42  tomato-plants  to  set.  If  he  sets  them 
6  in  a  row,  how  many  rows  will  he  have  ?  How  many  rows 
will  he  have  if  he  sets  them  7  in  a  row  ? 

10.  How  many  squares  can  you  make  with  48  pins  if 
you  put  8  pins  in  a  square  ? 

11.  How  many  are  four  7's  less  3  ?   five  7's  less  4? 

12.  Mabel's  grandmother  cut  out  18  pieces  for  her  patch- 
work. If  Mabel  puts  9  of  these  pieces  into  a  square,  how 
many  squares  of  patchwork  can  she  have  ? 

13.  How  many  9's  are  there  in  18  ?  in  27  ?   27-9-9  =  ? 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


81 


14.  How  many  pounds  of  meat  at  9  cents  a  pound  can 
you  buy  for  36  cents  ? 

15.  How  many  whistles  at  10  cents  each  can  you  buy 
for  20  cents  ? 

16.  Charles  wants  45  cents  to  buy  a  cart  with.  His 
father  has  promised  to  give  him  9  cents  every  week  he  does 
not  whisper  in  school.  In  how  many  weeks  can  he  earn 
the  money  ? 

17.  Myra  sews  buttons  on  a  card,  putting  6  in  a  row. 
How  many  rows  does  she  make  to  sew  on  60  buttons  ? 

18.  Archie  picked  berries, 
filling  a  pint  dish  15  times. 
How  many  quarts  did  he  pick, 
and  how  many  pints  besides  ? 

19.  How  many  2's  are  there 
in  15,  and  what  remains  ?  how 
many  2's  in  11  ?  in  17  ? 

20.  Measure  the  length  of 
your  school-yard.  How  many 
feet  long  is  it  ?  how  many  yards  ? 

21.  How  many  3-cent  postage-stamps  can  you  buy  with 
25  cents,  and  how  many  1-cent  stamps  can  you  buy  with 
the  money  that  is  left  ? 

22.  How  many  3's  are  there  in  25?  in  16?  in  18  ?  in  22? 


Exercise  in  Dividing. 

a. 

b. 

c.         d.        e.        f.         g. 

h. 

2. 

J. 

7)  7 

21 

35      14      28      42      56 

63 

49 

70 

8)8       32^6^^0JZ4jt8J>6       72       64       80 

9)_9_    36_     27_     45_     63_     64     _18      72_     63^     90 

10)  10      40      30      50      20      70      60      90      80     100 


Look  on  the  book  and  give  the  answers  at  sight. 


82 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XL VII. 


1.  Annie  gathered  13 
pinks  in  her  garden  to 
carry  to  school.  She  gave 
4  pinks  to  each  girl  she 
met  on  the  way.  When  she 
reached  the  school-house 
she  had  just  5  pinks  to  give 
to  her  teacher.  How  many 
pinks  did  she  give  to  the 
girls  ?  How  many  girls 
did  she  meet? 

2.  A  man  has  11  quarts  of  milk  in  cans  that  hold  4 
quarts  each.  All  the  cans  are  full  but  one.  How  many 
cans  are  full  ?  How  many  quarts  are  there  in  the  can  that 
is  not  full  ? 

3.  Mrs.  Dole  takes  2  quarts  of  milk  every  day.  How 
many  quarts  does  she  take  in  a  week  ?    How  many  gallons  ? 

4.  How  many  4's  are  there  in  8  ?  in  10  ?  in  15  ? 

5.  How  many  5's  are  there  in  20  ?  in  22  ?  in  3G  ? 

6.  A  carpenter  has  20  days'  work  to  do  on  a  school- 
house.  How  many  weeks  will  it  take  him  to  do  it  if 
he  works  6  days  in  a  week  ? 

7.  20  are  how  many  6's  ?  5's  ?  4's  ?  3's  ?  7's  ? 

8.  A  dollar's  worth  of  sugar  lasted  a  family  17  days. 
How  many  weeks  did  it  last  and  how  many  days  over  ? 

9.  If  Luther  has  50  cents,  how  many  cabbages  at  7 
cents  each  can  he  buy ;  and  how  many  pears  at  1  cent  each 
can  he  buy  with  the  money  that  is  left  ? 

10.  If  you  buy  a  book  for  16  cents  and  give  two  10-cent 
pieces  to  pay  for  it,  how  many  cents  ought  the  storekeeper 
to  give  you  back  ? 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC,  83 

11.  Ella's  brother  gathered  37  pond-lilies.     He  kept  7 
himself  and  gave  the  rest  to  Ella. 
How  many  did  he  give  to  Ella  ? 

12.  Ella  shared  her  30  lilies  with 
some  girls,  giving  them  8  apiece  and 
keeping  the  rest.  With  how  many 
girls  did  she  share  them  ?  How  many 
lilies  did  she  keep  ? 

13.  How  many  8's  are  there  in  30  ?  in  20  ?  in  15  ? 

14.  25  are  how  many  8's  ?  6's  ?   3's  ?   5's  ?  4's  ? 

15.  If  you  have  24  cents,  how  many  picture-books  at 
10  cents  apiece  can  you  buy  with  your  money  ? 

16.  How  many  mugs  at  9  cents  apiece  can  you  buy  for 
20  cents  ? 

17.  If  you  have  20  cents,  how  many  more  cents  must 
you  get  to  buy  3  mugs  at  9  cents  apiece  ? 

18.  How  many  are  8  and  9  and  2  less  4  ? 

19.  How  many  7's  are  there  in  8  times  4  ? 

20.  8x6  =  ?   48  +  8  =  ?   48-8=?   48  +  8  =  ? 

21.  9x7  =  ?   63  +  7  =  ?   63-7  =  ?   63  +  7  =  ? 

22.  Name  the  numbers  from  3  to  30  that  are  made  up 
of  3's  without  anything  over. 

23.  Name  the  numbers  from  3  to  30  that  are  made  up 


of  3's  : 

and  something  over. 

Slate  Exercise  in  Adding. 

a. 

b. 

c. 

d. 

e.        /. 

g.       h. 

i. 

./. 

6 

5 

4 

5 

5         7 

8        9 

9 

7 

5 

6 

6 

7 

7        4 

2        6 

5 

4 

5 

8 

6 

5 

4        2 

6        7 

7 

8 

4 

5 

1 

6 

5        8 

2        3 

7 

9 

9 

1 

3 

2 

5        4 

5        6 

5 

4 

5 

6 

6 

7 

6        6 

6        5 

7 

3 

6 

9 

6 

7 

7        8 

5        4 

9 

8 

84 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 

Lesson  XLVIII. 


m 

1.  This  boat  cost  20  cents.  Walter  paid  for  one  half  of 
it  and  Jack  paid  for  the  other.     How  much  did  each  pay  ? 

2.  Jack  earned  his  money  by  doing  errands  for  his  uncle. 
If  he  got  2  cents  every  time  he  did  an  errand,  how  many 
errands  did  he  do  to  get  10  cents  ? 

3.  Walter  got  his  money  by  selling  pears  out  of  his  gar- 
den. If  he  sold  3  pears  for  a  cent,  how  many  pears  did  he 
sell  for  10  cents  ? 

4.  Walter  and  Jack  have  just  carried  a  basket  of  fruit  to 
a  sick  playmate  who  lives  in  that  house  where  the  nets  are. 
In  the  basket  they  carried  6  pears,  3  bunches  of  grapes,  9 
sweet  apples,  8  Porter  apples,  and  4  other  apples.  How 
many  apples  did  they  carry  ?  How  many  more  apples  did 
they  carry  than  pears  ? 

5.  If  the  grapes  are  worth  8  cents  a  bunch,  how  much 
are  the  3  bunches  worth  ? 

6.  Walter  means  to  be  a  ship-carpenter  and  earn  3  dol- 
lars a  day.     3  dollars  a  day  is  how  much  a  week  ? 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC.  85 

7.  Jack  wants  to  be  a  teacher,  and  says  he  shall  show 
his  boys  out  of  school  how  to  sail  boats  and  make  kites. 
If  Jack  uses  4  newspapers  to  make  one  kite,  and  he  has 
20  newspapers,  how  many  kites  can  he  make  ? 

8.  The  father  of  these  boys  went  to  sea  2  weeks  ago 
yesterday.     How  many  days  has  he  been  gone  ? 

9.  He  expects  to  be  away  a  year.  A  year  is  52  weeks 
and  1  day.  If  he  went  two  weeks  ago  yesterday,  how  many 
more  weeks  does  he  expect  to  be  away  ? 

10.  Jack  and  Walter  sometimes  make  letters  on  the 
smooth,  hard  beach.  One  day  Jack  wrote  "Love  your 
neighbor,"  and  a  wave  came  and  washed  half  of  the  letters 
away.     How  many  were  left  ? 

11.  These  boys  are  going  to  make  a  sled  for  a  Christ- 
mas present.  They  have  bought  the  board  for  9  cents.  The 
runners  will  cost  18  cents,  and  they  have  only  11  cents  left. 
How  many  more  cents  must  they  get  to  buy  the  runners  ? 
What  will  the  board  and  runners  together  cost  ? 

12.  Their  uncle  will  help  them  make  the  sled.  If  he 
works  20  minutes  on  it  to-day  and  20  minutes  to-morrow, 
how  many  minutes  will  he  work  on  it  in  the  two  days  ? 

13.  Their  sister  can  knit  a  mitten  in  5  days.  How  many 
days  will  it  take  her  to  knit  both  boys  a  pair  ? 

Slate  Exercise  in  Adding. 


a. 

b. 

c. 

d. 

e. 

/. 

£•• 

h. 

i. 

J- 

7 

9 

7 

8 

6 

9 

7 

8 

7 

9 

5 

2 

3 

9 

5 

9 

7 

9 

9 

4 

7 

6 

7 

2 

2 

8 

2 

3 

9 

8 

3 

1 

6 

9 

7 

8 

9 

6 

8 

2 

8 

9 

3 

7 

2 

2 

3 

9 

6 

9 

9 

9 

9 

7 

6 

8 

9 

5 

9 

9 

8 

5 

7 

4 

2 

9 

3 

8 

6 

3 

86 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  XLIX. 

Put  down  4  blocks  in  two  equal  groups. 

Put  down  6  blocks  in  2  equal  groups. 

What  is  half  of  4  blocks  ?  of  6  blocks  ? 

Find  half  of  8  marks ;  of  10  marks. 

When  a  number  is  divided  into  two  equal  parts,  what 


do  you  call  one  of  the  parts  ? 


4.  Here  is  a  picture 
of  some  swans  that 
were  brought  from  Eng- 


land. 

It  cost 

14  dollars  to 

bring 

them 

both 

here. 

How 

much 

was 

that 

gig^r  *"  apiece  ? 

5.    If  they 
cents'  worth   of  barley 
\   every    day,    how    many    cents' 
<  worth  is  that  for  each  ? 

6.    Copy  the  following,  and  write  half  of  each  number 
under  the  line. 


2)    4 


10 


8       12       20      14      18 


16 


What  do  you  divide  by  to  find  half  of  a  number  ? 

Put  down  6  blocks  in  three  equal  groups. 
One  of  these  groups  is  a  third  of  the  6  blocks. 
One  third  of  6  blocks  is  how  many  ? 
Put  down  9  blocks  in  three  equal  groups. 
One  of  these  groups  is  a  third  of  9  blocks. 
One  third  of  9  blocks  is  how  many  ? 


7. 


8. 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC.  87 

9.  When  a  number  is  divided  into  three  equal  parts 
what  is  one  of  the  parts  called  ? 

Make  6  marks  and  draw  a  line  around  a  third 
of  them.  (TT)|||| 

Make  6  marks  and  draw  a  line  around  2  thirds  ^ — ^ 

of  them.  (ji  inn 

10.  How  many  marks  are  2  thirds  of  6  marks  ?  ^- — 

11.  If  these  2  thirds  should  be  rubbed  out,  how  many 
thirds  would  be  left  ?     How  many  marks  ? 

12.  What  is  1  third  of  9  marks  ? 

2  thirds  of  9  marks  ?  1 1 1      I II      1 1 1 

13.  What  is  1  third  of  12  acorns  ?  What  is  1  third  of  12 
grapes  ?    of  12  cents  ?  .        - 

14.  Three    times   what   are  18  ?    fi  \J    CT       f% 
What  is  1  third  of  18  ?  m     ^k     ^tfffo 

15.  Three    times  what   are  21  ?      \3    "     "   V 
What  is  1  third  of  21  ?  #|    A     £%  '  |f\ 

16.  If  3  tops  cost  21  cents,  what 
part  of   21  cents  will   1  top  cost?    how 
many  cents  ? 

17.  If  3  picture-books  cost  24  cents, 
how  many  cents  will  1  picture-book  cost  ? 

18.  Horace  found  27  nuts,  and  gave  a 
third  of  them  to  Eva.  How  many  did 
he  give  to  Eva  ?     How  many  were  left  ? 

19.  Grace  had  12  cherries,  and  gave  half  of  them  to  John 
and  a  third  of  them  to  Mary.  How  many  did  she  give  to 
both  ?     How  many  were  left  ? 

20.  Copy  the  following,  and  write  a  third  of  each  num- 
ber under  the  line. 

What  do  you  divide  by  to  find  a  third  of  a  number  ? 


88  PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 

Lesson  L. 

Make  8  marks  in  4  equal  groups.  |  |     |  |     |  |     1 1 

One  of  these  groups  is  a  fourth  of  8  marks. 

1.  How  many  marks  are  there  in  1  fourth  of  8  marks  ? 
in  2  fourths  of  8  marks  ?   in  3  fourths  of  8  marks  ? 

2.  What  is  a  fourth  of  12  marks  ?  of  12  pinks  ?  of  16  ? 

3.  A  teacher  had  20  pansies,  and  di- 
vided them  equally  among  4  of  her  pu- 
pils. How  many  did  she  give  to  each? 
How  many  did  she  give  to  2  pupils  ?  to  3  ? 

4.  George  had  a  third  of  12  cents  and 
Emma  had  a  fourth  of  12  cents.   How  many 

more  cents  did  George  have  than  Emma  ? 

What  do  you  divide  by  to  find  a  fourth  of  a  number  ? 

Make  10  marks  in  5  equal  groups.  |  |     |  |     |  |     |  |     |  | 

One  of  these  groups  is  a  fifth  of  10  marks. 

5.  How  many  are  there  in  1  fifth  of  10  marks  ?  in  2 
fifths  of  10  marks  ?  in  4  fifths  ? 

6.  If  5  boys  share  10  pencils  equally  among  them,  what 
part  of  the  pencils  will  each  boy  have  ?  How  many  pen- 
cils ?     How  many  pencils  will  2  boys  have  ? 

7.  What  is  a  fifth  of  15  dots  ?  of  20  lines  ?  of  30  desks  ? 

8.  If  you  have  40  marbles  and  divide  them  equally 
among  5  boys,  how  many  will  each  boy  have  ? 

9.  If  you  have  30  pens  and  give  a  third  of  them  away, 
!ivj\v  many  will  you  give  away  ?  How  many  will  you  have 
left  ?  If  you  divide  what  you  have  left  into  5  equal  parts, 
how  many  will  there  be  in  each  part  ? 

Make  12  marks  in  six  equal  groups.  |  Nil 

One  of  these  groups  is  a  sixth  of  12  marks. 

10.  What  is  1  sixth  of  12  marks  ?  2  sixths  of  12  marks  ? 
3  sixths  of  12  ?   5  sixths  of  12  ?   4  sixths  of  12  ? 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC.  89 

11.  If  a  boy  has  18  ears  of  popping-corn  and  pops  a 
sixth  of  it  every  day,  how  many  ears  does  he  pop  in  a  day  ? 
In  how  many  days  will  he  pop  the  whole  ? 

12.  What  is  a  sixth  of  18  ?   of  24?   of  30  ? 

13.  What  is  the  difference  between  a  sixth  of  30  apples 
and  a  fifth  of  30  apples  ? 

14.  Put  down  12  blocks ;  take  away  a  sixth  of  them ; 
take  away  a  fifth  of  what  are  left  put  down  1  block  more ; 
take  away  a  third  of  what  you  now  have  ;  take  away  half 
of  what  remain.     How  many  are  left  ? 

Here  are  14  marks  in  7  equal  groups.  1 1     1 1     1 1     |  | 

One  of  these  groups  is  a  seventh  of  14  marks.  1 1     1 1     1 1 

15.  What  is  1  seventh  of  14  marks  ?  2  sevenths  ?  4 
sevenths  ?    3  sevenths  ? 

16.  If  a  boy  walks  14  miles  in  7  hours, 
how  many  miles  does  he  walk  in  1  hour  ? 
in  3  hours  ? 

17.  Which  would  you  rather  have,  a  sev- 
enth of  21  peaches  or  a  sixth  of  24  peaches? 

Here  are  16  marks  in  8  equal  groups. 
One  of  these  groups  is  an  eighth  of  16 
marks. 

18.  What  is  1  eighth  of  16  ?   3  eighths  of  16  ? 

19.  Delia  found  24  flowers  during  her  recess.  1  eighth 
of  them  were  violets.     How  many  were  violets  ? 

Here  are  18  marks  in  9  equal  groups. 
One  of  these  groups  is  a  ninth  of  18 
marks. 

20.  What  is  1  ninth  of  18  marks  ?  2  ninths  of  18  ? 
1  ninth  of  27  ? 

21.  If  it  takes  27  yards  of  cloth  to  make  9  sacks,  how 
many  yards  does  it  take  to  make  one  sack  ? 


90  PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 

Lesson  LI. 

Here  are  20  marks  in  10  equal  groups.    | 
One  of  these  groups  is  a  tenth  of  20   | 
marks. 

1.  How  many  are  there  in  1  tenth  of  20  ?  in  2  tenths 
of  20  ?   in  3  tenths  of  20  ? 

2.  How  many  are  there  in  5  tenths  of  20  ?  How  many 
are  there  in  a  half  of  20  ?  Is  there  any  difference  between 
5  tenths  of  20  and  1  half  of  20  ? 

3.  What  is  1  tenth  of  30  ?   of  40  ?   of  50  ? 

4.  A  man  had  30  pounds  of  cheese  and  sold  a  tenth  of  it 
to  a  neighbor.  How  many  pounds  did  he  sell  ?  How  many 
pounds  were  left  ? 

5.  If  10  pounds  of  sugar  will  last  a  person  60  days,  how 
long  will  1  pound  last  ?   How  long  will  2  pounds  last  ? 

6.  If  2  hats  cost  10  dollars,  how  much  will  1  hat  cost  ? 
How  much  will  3  hats  cost  ? 

7.  If  4  slates  cost  40  cents,  how  much  will  1  slate  cost  ? 
How  much  will  5  slates  cost  ? 

8.  Jane  bought  3  arrows  for  24  cents.  How  many 
cents  must  she  pay  for  1  arrow  ?  for  4  arrows  ? 

9.  We  counted  12  sparrows  picking  up 
crumbs  near  our  door,  when  a  dog  fright- 
ened 6  of  them  away.  What  part  of  them 
did  he  frighten  away  ?      What  part  of 

&  them  remained  ? 

10.  Put  down  15  blocks  ;  take  away  a 
fifth  of  them ;  take  away  2  blocks  more ;  take  away  half  of 
what  remain.     How  many  are  left  ? 

11.  Make  6  marks  on  your  slate  ;  make  half  as  many 
more ;  make  1  more ;  rub  out  a  fifth  of  what  you  have ; 
now  rub  out  a  fourth  of  what  remain.  How  many  marks 
are  left  ? 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC.  91 

12.  If  you  find  3  cherries  under  a  tree,  and  then 
find  3  more,  and  1  more,  and  5  more,  and  give 
away  a  third  of  what  you  have,  how  many  do  you 
give  away  ? 

13.  When  apples  are  2  cents  apiece,  how  many 
cents  must  you  have  to 

buy  2  apples  and  a  slate  worth  8 
cents  ? 

14.  How  many  apples  at  2  cents 
apiece  can  you  buy  for  15  cents,  and  how  many  cents  will 
be  left? 

15.  If  4  pears  cost  20  cents,  how 
many  cents  does  1  pear  cost  ? 

16.  How  many  apples  at  2  cents 
apiece  will  cost  as  much  money  as  4  pears  at  5  cents 
apiece  ? 

17.  If  you  have  24  cents,  how  many  pears  at  5  cents 
each  can  you  buy  with  your  money,  and  how  many  apples 
at  2  cents  each  can  you  buy  with  the  money  you  have  left  ? 

18.  What  will  6  yards  of  ribbon  cost  at  6  cents  a  yard  ? 
How  many  dimes  and  how  many  cents  over  will  it  take  to 
pay  for  the  ribbon  ? 

19.  Charles  raised  9  melons  in  his  garden,  and  sold  6  of 
them  for  42  cents.    How  many  cents  was  that  for  1  melon? 

20.  Charles  carried  the  other  3  melons  to  the  store  and 
exchanged  them  for  4  slates  worth  6  cents  apiece.  How 
much  was  allowed  for  each  of  these  melons  ? 

21.  When  6  doves  cost  54  qgnts,  what  will  5  doves  cost  ? 

22.  Mr.  Allen  had  12  oranges,  and  told  his  boys  that  he 
would  give  the  oldest  2  sixths  of  them  and  the  youngest 
1  third  of  them  if  they  could  tell  how  many  each  would 
have.     How  many  would  each  have  if  they  could  tell  ? 

Now  you  may  make  some  questions  in  numbers. 


92 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC!. 


Lesson  L.II. 

1.  John  has  cut  an  apple 
into  two  equal  parts.  One  of 
these  parts  is  called  a  half  of 
an  apple.  How  many  halves 
are  there  in  an  apple  ? 

Draw  a  line  an  inch  long 
I  and  divide  it  into  halves. 


I 1 1 

2.  How  many  halves  are  there  in  one  inch  ? 

3.  Harry  cut  a  pencil  into  halves,  and  gave  1  half  to  his 
sister.     How  many  halves  had  he  left  ? 

4.  How  many  halves  are  there 
in  2  apples  ?  in  2  apples  and 
half  an  apple  ? 

5.  If  you  give  4  children  half 
an  apple  apiece,  how  many  halves 
do  you  give  them  ?  how  many 
apples  does  it  take  ? 

6.  If  you  give  5  children  half  an  apple  apiece,  how  many 
halves  do  you  give  them  ?   how  many  apples  does  it  take  ? 

7.  James  has  cut  a  pear  into  three  equal  parts.     One  of 

the  parts  is  a  third  of  the  pear. 
Point  to  a  third  in  the  picture. 
Point  to  two  of  the  thirds. 
How  many  thirds  are  there  in 


p     the  whole  pear  ? 

8.    If  you  have  a  pear  and 
eat  a  third  of  it,  how  many 
thirds  will  be  left  ?    If  you 
eat  2  thirds  of  it,  how  many  thirds  will  be  left  ? 

9.   If  you  have  2  pears  and  cut  them  both  into  thirds, 
how  many  thirds  will  you  have  ? 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC.  93 

10.  How  many  thirds  are  there  in  3  pears  ?  in  4  pears  ? 

11.  If  yon  give  6  children  a  third  of  a  pear  apiece,  how 
many  thirds  do  you  give  them  ?   how  many  pears  ? 

12.  If  you  have  4  pears  and  give  10  children  a  third  of 
a  pear  apiece,  how  many  thirds  do  you  give  them.  How 
many  thirds  will  you  have  left  ? 

Draw  a  line  an  inch  long.  | j — j 1 

Divide  it  into  thirds. 

13.  Which  is  longer :  a  third  of  an  inch  or  half  an  inch  ? 

14.  Which  would  you  rather  have  for  your  recess :  a  third 
of  an  hour  or  half  an  hour  ? 

1 6.  How  many  fourths  of  an  -^wasc^-^^     -z  lb 
orange  make  a  whole  orange  ? 

17.  How  many  fourths  of  a  day  make  a  whole  day  ? 
Draw  a  line    an  inch   long  and  divide  it  into  halves. 

Divide  each  half  into  two  equal  parts.     . 

18.  Into  how  many  equal  parts  is  '       '       ' 

the  inch  now  divided  ?  What  part  of  the  whole  inch  is  one 
of  the  parts  ?  If  you  rub  out  one  of  these  fourths,  how 
many  fourths  will  be  left  ? 

19.  How  many  are  4  fourths  less  1  fourth?  4  fourths 
less  2  fourths  ? 

20.  If  you  have  3  fourths  of  a  dollar  and  give  away 
1  fourth,  how  many  fourths  will  be  left  ? 

21.  If  you  have  some  apples  cut  into  fourths,  and  give 
3  fourths  to  Annie,  2  fourths  to  Charles,  and  3  fourths  to 
Frank,  how  many  fourths  do  you  give  away  ?  how  many 
apples  ? 


94  PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  LIII. 


Draw  a  line  an  inch  long  and        I   I    1    I    I    | — j— H 
divide  it  into  fourths. 

Divide  each  fourth  into  two  equal  parts. 

1.  Into  how  many  equal  parts  is  the  inch  now  divided  ? 

2.  If  the  inch  is  divided  into  eight  equal  parts,  what 
should  you  think  one  of  the  parts  would  be  called  ? 

3.  How  many  eighths  of  an  inch  are  there  in  an  inch  ? 
How  many  eighths  of  an  apple  are  there  in  an  apple  ? 

You  may  cut  a  strip  of  paper  into  eight  equal  parts. 

4.  How  many  of  these  eighths  must  you  take  away  to 
leave  2  eighths  ?  how  many  to  leave  5  eighths  ? 

5.  1  fourth  equals  how  many  eighths  ?  2  fourths  equal 
how  many  eighths  ?    3  fourths  equal  how  many  eighths  ? 

Draw  a   line  an  inch   long  and        | — j — | — j — | — \ — | 
divide  it  into  thirds. 

Divide  each  third  into  two  equal  parts. 

6.  Into  how  many  parts  is  the  inch  now  divided  ?  What 
should  you  think  one  of  the  parts  would  be  called  ? 

7.  How  many  sixths  are  there  in  an  inch  ?  in  a  third  of 
an  inch  ?  in  2  thirds  of  an  inch  ? 

8.  If  a- pie  is  cut  into  sixths  and  4  sixths  are  eaten,  how 
many  sixths  are  left  ?  How  many  sixths  are  left  if  5  sixths 
are  eaten  ? 

9.  How  many  sixths  are  there  in  2  inches  ?  in  4  inches  ? 

10.  Here  is  an  inch  divided  into         | — | — | — | — | — | 
five  equal  parts.     What  is  each  of  these  parts  called  ? 

11.  Here  is  an  inch  divided  into         f— j — | — | — }    \    j    | 
seven  equal  parts.     What  is  each  of  these  parts  called  ? 

12.  How  many  fifths  make  a  whole  one  ?  how  many 
sevenths  ? 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


95 


Lesson  LIV. 

About  Weighing. 

What  are  the  things  on 
the  floor  and  on  the  counter  ? 
What  are  they  used  for  ? 

A  pint  of  water  weighs 
about  a  pound.  How  many 
pounds  does  a  quart  of  water 
weigh  ?  How  many  pounds 
do  you  weigh  ? 

I    hope    you    have    some 
scales  in  your  school-room  that  you  can  weigh  with. 
Find  how  many  ounces  this  book  weighs. 
16  ounces  make  a  pound. 

1.  How  many  ounces  are  there  in  half  a  pound  ?  in  a 
fourth  of  a  pound  ?  in  3  fourths  of  a  pound  ?  in  an  eighth 
of  a  pound  ? 

2.  At  20  cents  a  pound  for  honey,  what  must  you  pay 
for  half  a  pound  ? 

3.  If  you  should  buy  half  a  pound  of  figs  and  give  half 
of  them  away,  what  part  of  a  pound  would  you  give  away  ? 
How  many  ounces  ? 

If  we  put  a  hundred  pounds  of  grain  or  sand  in  a  bag, 
and  then  put  20  such  bagfuls  in  a  pile,  all  together  will 
weigh  a  ton.  If  you  weigh  50  pounds,  forty  such  children 
as  you  taken  together  would  weigh  a  ton. 

Have  you  ever  seen  a  ton  of  hay  or  a  ton  of  coal  ? 

4.  When  coal  is  8  dollars  a  ton,  what  must  be  paid  for 
2  tons  ?   for  2  tons  and  a  half  ? 

5.  If  it  takes  7  barrels  to  hold  a  ton  of  coal,  what  part 
of  a  ton  can  be  put  into  a  barrel  ?  How  many  sevenths  of 
a  ton  will  3  barrels  hold  ? 


96 


PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  L.V. 

About  measuring  Time. 

Look  at  the  watch  in  the  picture. 
It  takes  just  a  minute  for  the  little  hand 
of  a  watch  to  go  round  once. 

Keep  perfectly  still  for  a  minute  ; 
your  teacher  will  tell  you  when  it 
is  over;  but  you  may  raise  your 
hand  when  you  think  a  minute  has 
passed. 

How  many  minutes  are  given  you  for  recess  ? 
Which  seemed  longer,  the  minute  you  just  measured  or 
one  of  the  minutes  of  your  recess  ? 

1.  There  are  60  seconds  in  a  minute.  Count  60  rather 
slowly,  and  see  if  it  takes  you  a  minute. 

2.  Sixty  minutes  make  an  hour.  The  long  hand  of  a 
watch  goes  round  once  an  hour  and  marks  the  minutes. 
Suppose  it  starts  at  XII,  how  many  minutes  will  have 
passed  when  it  gets  to  I  ?   to  II  ?    to  V  ? 

3.  What  time  is  it  by  the  watch  in  the  picture  ? 

60  seconds    make    a  minute. 
60  minutes  make  an  hour. 
24  hours       make  a  day. 
7  days         make  a  week. 
52  weeks  and  1  day  make  a  year. 
12  months    make  a  year. 

4.  How  many  hours  are  you  in  school  each  day  ?  How 
many  more  hours  are  there  in  the  day  ? 

5.  How  many  hours  are  you  in  school  in  a  week  ? 

6.  If  you  go  to  school  8  months  in  a  year,  and  it  has 
taken  you  three  years  to  go  through  this  arithmetic,  how 
many  months  have  you  been  studying  it  ? 


SUCCESSFUL     BOOKS! 


WORCESTER'S 


New  Primary  Spelling- Book. 

96  pp.    Beautifully  Illustrated. 


AND 

WORCESTER'S 

New  Pronouncing  Spelling-Book. 

1 76  pp. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  distinguishing  features  of  these 
books  :  — 

1.  The  lessons  are  short  and  carefully  graded. 

2.  The  words  have  been  judiciously  grouped  in  classes  for  phonic 

drill,  and  to  enable  the  learner  to  overcome  the  difficulties  more 
easily. 

3.  The  lessons  are  varied  in  kind. 

4.  Review  lessons  are  introduced  at  convenient  intervals. 

5.  The  Primary  Sgelling-Book  is  beautifully  illustrated.  Only  com- 
mon words  are  found  in  the  lessons.  Short  sentences  in  script  are  given 
to  be  copied- 


Attention  is  also  called  to 

Adams's  Spelling-Book 

FOB  ADVANCED  CLASSES. 

-    By  WILLIAM   T.  ADAMS, 
Formerly  Principal  of  the  Bowditch  School,  Boston. 
Intended  for  scholars  already  familiar  with  the  principles  of  pronouncing 
and  syllabication,  and  designed  to  follow  the  ordinary  spelling-book  as 
a  practical  application  of  the  pupil's   knowledge   in  spelling,  dividing, 
and  pronouncing  the  more  difficult  words  in  common  use. 


Liberal  terms  will  be  made  for  introduction  and  exchange. 
Address, 

TAINTOR    BROTHERS   &   CO., 

New  York  and  Chicago. 


